ATP exam Flashcards
what is Mart’s text?
Archaeologies of city life: commercial culture, masculinity, and spatial relations in 1980s London
what is Franck’s text?
The Empowered Self: Law and Society in the Age of Individualism
what is Harris’ text?
Tradition and Transformation: Society and Civil Society in Britain 1945-2001
what is Hall’s text?
White, Male and Middle Class
what is Brown’s text?
The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation 1800-2000.
what is Davidoff’s text?
Class and Gender in Victorian England: The Diaries of Arthur J. Munby and Hannah Cullwick
what is Tosh’s text?
What Should Historians Do with Masculinity? Reflections on Nineteenth Century Britain
what is Tinkler’s text?
Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing up in England, 1920-1950
what is Gleadle’s text?
Magazine Culture, Girlhood Communities, and Educational Reform in Late Victorian Britain
what is Rambo’s text?
Understanding Religious Conversion
what contemporary text emphasises the importance of Evangelical self-examination practised by More and Wilberforce?
Practical Christianity- Wilberforce
quote: Christianity as a matter of labour and difficulty, requiring continual watchfulness and unceasing effort, and unwearied patience’
what did Foucault argue about homosexuality?
Medical services create the term ‘homosexual’- Foucault argues this creates a new identity-male sex has always happened but terms to describe it were derogatory-homosexuality goes from something they do to a part of their identity
what was the result of the 1851 census?
half of Britain’s worship was non-conformist
when was the WSPU founded?
1903- Women’s Social and Political Union
what was the MNSWS and when was it founded?
Manchester National Society for Women’s Suffrage- (there was also one in London) Established 1867
how many children under 1 were murdered between 1838-1840 in England and Wales?
76 (34% of all murders)
how many infants were found abandoned in London between 1819 and 1823?
151
what was Sauer’s text?
Infanticide and abortion in nineteenth-century Britain
who wrote a diary as a homosexual in the 19th century that links to Mart’s analysis of biographies and personal testimonies of those who yearned for a culture of sexual belonging were frequently centred on the excitement of Soho in the 1940s and 1950s?
A J Symonds
what does Mart observe that is happening publically in Soho In the 1990s that stems from 19th century events?
Bars and clubs, cafes and shops held out the promise of a homosexual life, shaped by the world of goods* In these commercial spaces the carnival promised a 'mixed* Utopia—a commingling of lesbians, gay men, and their friends. 19th c (TOSH) Social arenas- working men's clubs etc- Sedgwick highlights that while protecting the key patriarchal institution of marriage, desire between males is inadmissible; camaraderie must remain just that. So while male bonding is prescribed, homosexuality is proscribed
what was the name of the 19th century girl magazine?
Aunt Judy’s Magazine
what does Rambo argue about c20th experimental conversion?
conversion- greater religious freedom = active exploration of religious options
what does Sally Mitchell argue about c19th girlhood culture?
a new culture of girlhood began to emerge during the 1880s, reaching fruition in the early years of the twentieth century
what does Mart highlight about the 19th century that suggests the Yuppie was not a new societal construct of individualism and existed before?
20th century consumption origins in the 19th-century aristocratic culture of London’s west end.
what was the name of the 1966 poster published in the Times Magazine?
London Swings
when was Dicey’s defined period of Benthamism or Individualism?
1830-1865/1870
evidence for religion:
Rambo -Understanding Religious Conversion, suggests
that the loss of religion from the centrality of family life is not entirely clear until the 1960’s- still apparent during war time- The mid-1950s also saw a modest but nationwide rise in both Protestant and Catholic church attendance-Harris
Decline rapidly throughout 20th century- viewed as much more of a choice (1945 celebration tied up with religion) 609 baptisms in 1900, 602 in 1956, 228 by 1997 (Brown)
(war?)
Evangelical daily rule, individual self and religion, More and Wilberforce
Wilberforce- Practical Christianity- ‘continual watchfulness’
Hall- religious revival ‘transforms the meaning of religion from within’
1851 Census- 1/2 non-conformist
Bentham’s individualism- 1830-1865/1870
Brown- less children being baptised, less marriage in church etc
Brown- scholars recognising demise of Christian Britain- at least a century before, or some = 200-500 years- Hayek. Explain why unpersuasive
Brown-decline of religion means men and women can construct their sense of self and their identities (leads well on to gender)
More and Wollstonecraft Vindication of Rights of Women
Religion becomes a choice- demise due to Non-Conformism in 19thc- roots of 20thc decline. high during war for clear reasons- high death rates, family loss etc
what does Brown observe about baptisms through time?
decline in number of baptisms
609-1900
602-1956
228-1997
what is the quote from Practical Christianity?
continual watchfulness
evidence for female gender:
Victorian era as repressive- contemporary historiography- revisionists disagree
women in work in c19th- subverts Halls assertion of two spheres in life- 1 for men 1 for women
Franck- women as teachers- industrial revolution- give them more rights-women disapproving of restrictive home life
Individualism- war not c29th- construction of double life- ‘double shift’
Thatcherism- 1980/1990 businesswomen - roots In c19th with financial jobs
construction of femininity/female identity- Aunt Judy magazine, Gleadle and Tinkler
contrast of Bronte- currer bell
Mitchell’s argument that femininity/ girlhood identities constructed in c19th but reached fruition/flourished in c20th
Suffrage movement- MNSWS/LNSWS 1867
contraceptive pill 1960s
infanticide of 19thc (Sauer)
evidence for sexuality:
Men’s social clubs-Tosh, but advocates Sedgewick’s encapsulation of homosexuality
Stead speaking of Oscar Wilde
‘comradeship between men seriously impaired’
1880 homosexual panic
Foucault-emergence of homosexual identity- medical term
A J Symonds homosexual diary
Cullwick and Munby - Davidoff observes thousands of letters/pictures etc
Mart= 1940/1950 Soho- yearning for sexual belonging- personal testimonies
Mart- LGBT clubs in 1990s Soho
emergence of term LGBT in 1990s
1966 London Swings
Franck- birth certificate controversy
2004 Act- Gender Recognition Act
Supports Harris’ 1955 anthropological study- sexual morals have not changed much in past century
evidence for race
Abolition the roots of individualism- philosophical definition of individualism- moral worth of individual- abolition – recognition of this by Wilberforce etc. 800,000 freed in 1833- freedom of choice. Lamarckian scientific interpretations of race, Stocking and race formation, Bronte- Bertha Mason, Gilbert and Gubar etc- fear and need to protect individuality- feat of reverse colonization, (although not respected- racism/hard to find employment in 1980s/1990s etc)- disagree with Hayek’s interpretation. Racism always going to be apparent despite emergence of individualism-Hayek wrong in defining individualism with respect.
1960s post-war- catalyses reform- 1965/1968 acts, WSS, times magazine, Harris view that uniformity of life relaxes post war- but still racism as in 19th c after abolition- therefore not entirely revolutionary (Brixton 1980s, Thatcherite policies and employment, 1990s Ford) Thus- an extension of 19th c reform- roots of individualism. Not a product of c19th
who wrote “In the Interests of Civilization”: Marxist Views of Race and Culture in the Nineteenth Century?
Paul
who wrote about race and the gothic in literature? (Gothic Images of Race in Nineteenth-Century Britain)
Malchow
what is Oscar Wilde’s quote from his essay ‘The Soul of Man Under Socialism?’
individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine.”
what year was Wilde’s essay written?
1891
what is the philosophical definition of individualism that links to sexuality and race?
individualism- recognising the moral worth of the individual
when was practical Christianity written?
1797
when was the vindication of the rights of women written?
1792
who argued about sexual liberation of the 1960’s?
Harris
who argues about the fluidity between social spheres?
Tosh- links to performance of gender also argued by Tosh
when did women emerge into religious positions of power, although this did not last, but links into the challenge of gender roles and the Vindication of rights of women happening during the same time?
during the Methodist Revival late 18th century
when was Acton’s text written? (Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs)
1875
what does Foucault specifically argue?
language is important as it creates identity
what does Davidoff argue about Munby?
using the diary to construct a meaningful sense of identity- link to Wilde
Mitchell’s key phrase…
reaching fruition
1833 name of act?
Slavery Abolition Act
1807 name of act?
Slave Trade Act
what does Mart argue that links to the 1980s neoliberal Yuppie?
20th century consumption origins in the 19th-century aristocratic culture of London’s west end- links to Tosh’s fluidity of gender roles etc. Individualist roots clearly In c19th
fear of?
miscegenation- explanation for construction of scientific racism?- fear of reverse colonization
what is Susan Brown’s definition of individualism in The politics of Individualism?
the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation
what is Woods definition of Individualism in the meaning of liberal and socialist individualism?
the right to individual freedom and self-realisation
