ATP + body water

Question 1

What is ATP?

Answer 1

• ATP is adenosine triphosphate (molecule + 3 phosphate molecules)
• when the phosphate is removed from adenosine, energy is released ]
• ATP ADP + Pi + energy
• ATP is used as the energy source in cells throughout the body + needs to be constantly replenished = which is done through chemical reactions
• need to be done quickly
• energy used each time one of those phosphates is attached to an adenosine molecule comes from the food we eat = which is broken down by metabolism

Question 2

ENZYMES

Answer 2

• Quickness can be assisted by ENZYMES = proteins produced by the cells = accelerate chemical reactions
• Enzymes have conditions to be fully functional e.g. pH, temp = need to have these for normal cell function

Question 3

In addition to ATP, what do cells need to function?

Answer 3

The correct environment
- an aqueous env
- pH
- osmolality 
- electrolyte concentrations 
The necessary raw materials to produce ATP and other products:
- most cells need O2

Question 4

Two types of chemical reactions to produce ATP:

AEROBIC + ANAEROBIC

Answer 4

• Aerobic metabolism = requires oxygen in the chemical reactions to produce ATP = body prefers to use aerobic as more efficient production of ATP + can continue indefinitely
  - Mitochondria entered into the cells of the body = gives us the ability to produce energy aerobically
• Anaerobic metabolism = doesn’t require any oxygen (early ages used anaerobic = mainly CO2 earlier → over years more oxygen became available because of cyanobacteria (because of photosynthesis → take co2 and convert into o2) + also blue/green algae)
  
  • Anaerobic - occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 5

What do multicellular organisms need to live?

Answer 5

A coordinated group of structures that can supply the things cells need to function.

• Genes: contain the plans for production of proteins → those proteins can be used to produce organelles
• Organelles: specialised structures within cells - that do specific jobs + structural elements + enzymes
• Cells
• Tissue: a collection of similar cells performing a similar function e.g. muscle tissue
• Organ: a structural part of a body system composed of various tissues that enable it to perform a particular function e.g. lungs made up of tissues e.g. muscle, cartilage
• Body System: a collection of parts that, unified, make a whole.
• Functioning Human

Question 6

BODY WATER

Answer 6

• Cells still need to live in an aqueous env
• Water makes up about 60% of the body weight
• The % of water varies b/w people - depending on body comp
  - babies and children > adult men > adult women > obese people (low amount of water as water + fat do not mix)
• and within people:
  - lungs (83%) > brain (73%) > skin (64%) > bones (31%).

Question 7

body water: ICF + ECF

Answer 7

• the intracellular fluid (ICF - 66% of total body water)
• the extracellular fluid (ECF - 33% of total body water)
  - interstitial fluid (75% of ECF) = fluid surrounding the cells
  - plasma (25% of ECF) = watery part of the blood
• ICF + ECF are separated from each other = The ICF + ECF are separated by the cell membrane.