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WJEC Eduqas Biology > ATP and Respiration > Flashcards

ATP and Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What would the uncontrolled release of energy from glucose result in?

A

Cause an increase in temperature that would destroy the cell

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2
Q

How is ADP converted into ATP

A

By the addition of a phosphate molecule.

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3
Q

What kind of reaction is the formation of ATP?

A

Endergonic

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4
Q

What is the addition of phosphate to ADP called?

A

Phosphorylation

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5
Q

What are the products of hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ADP and Pi

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6
Q

What type of reaction is the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

Exergonic

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7
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATPase

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8
Q

What is respiration?

A

A catabolic process involving a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions in cells and break down respiratory substances, such as glucose, into smaller inorganic molecules, like water and carbon dioxide.

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9
Q

Why is respiration described as a catabolic process?

A

Complex molecules (respiratory substates) are broken down into smaller,simpler molecules.

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10
Q

Why do organisms need to respire?

A

Produces chemical energy in the form of ATP for a variety of processes e.g active transport and muscle contractions

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11
Q

Two types of respiration

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic

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12
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen.

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13
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis;
Link reaction;
Krebs Cycle;
Electron transport chain.

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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

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15
Q

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

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16
Q

Outline the stages of glycolysis

A

(6C)Glucose
↓(phosphorylation)
(6C)Hexose biphosphate
↓
(3C)Triose phosphate x 2
↓(oxidation)
(3C)Pyruvate x2

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17
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

A

Net yield of 2 ATP;
2 molecules of reduced NAD (NADH2);
2 pyruvates

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18
Q

How does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria

A

Active transport

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19
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

Outline the link reaction

A

(3C)Pyruvate
↓(oxidative decarboxylation) →CO2
(2C)Acetate + Coenzyme A
↓
(2C)Acetyl Coenzyme A

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21
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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22
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

A series of oxidation-reduction reactions in the matrix of the mitochondria in which acetyl coenzyme A is oxidised, generating reduced NAD, reduced FAD, ATP and carbon dioxide

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23
Q

Outline the stages of the Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A → Coenzyme A
↘
(4C)Acid → (6C) Acid
↗ ↘
(4C)Acid (5C)Acid
↑ ↓
(4C)Acid ← (4C)Acid

24
Q

How many times does the Krebs cycle take place for one molecule of glucose

A

2

25
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of electron carrier proteins that transfer electrons in a chain of oxidation- reduction reaction, releasing energy

27
Q

First step in the electron transport chain(ETC)

A

Reduced NAD and FAD deliver pairs of hydrogen atoms to the ETC.

28
Q

Second step in the electron transport chain(ETC)

A

They are oxidised, delivering protons(H+) and high energy electrons to proton pump on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

29
Q

Third step in the electron transport chain(ETC)

A

Reduced NAD utilises all 3 proton pumps and so 3xATP are released.
Reduced FAD utilises only 2 protons pumps and 2xATP are releases

30
Q

What is the role of Oxygen in the ETC?

A

Acts as the final electron acceptor

31
Q

Describe the role of reduced NAD and FAD in the electron transport chain

A

They are a source of electrons and protons.

32
Q

How many NAD and FAD does the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yield

A

10 reduced NAD
2 reduced FAD

33
Q

Describe the role of reduced NAD and reduced FAD in the electron transport chain

A

They are the source of electrons and protons

34
Q

Where are proton pumps and electron carriers located?

A

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

Where does the high concentration of H+ build up?

A

Inter-membrane space

36
Q

Where is ATP synthetase located?

A

in stalked particles on the cristae

37
Q

How many H+ are needed to produce 1 ATP?

A

2

38
Q

What is the Chemiosmotic theory?

A

The process of moving ions(e.g protons) to the other side of a biological membrane, and as a result an electrochemical gradient is generated.

39
Q

How does chemiosmosis produce ATP during aerobic respiration?

A

Protons flow down their concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthetase.
ATP synthetase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP as protons flow through it.

40
Q

What is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner-membrane of mitochondria (called the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) to create ATP.

Basically, it’s just the ETC + chemiosmosis.

41
Q

How many ATP are produced from the oxidation of reduced NAD in aerobic respiration?

A

3 ATP

42
Q

How many ATP are produced from the oxidation of reduced NAD in aerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP

43
Q

Define Anaerobic Respiration

A

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen

44
Q

Which of the 4 respiratory reactions occur during anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis (i.e substrate level phosphorylation)

45
Q

Why does glycolysis occur during anaerobic respiration

A

It doesn’t require oxygen to produce ATP

46
Q

Why do the other 3 reactions not take place during anaerobic respiration?

A

The reduced Nad and FAD cannot be re-oxidised, so they are not made available to pick up more hydrogen.

47
Q

2 types of Anaerobic Respiration

A

Fermentation;
Lactic acid formation

48
Q

Outline process of Fermentation

A

Glucose
2xNADH/H+ ← ↓→2xATP
↓ 2x Pyruvate
2xNAD ←↓ ↓→2xCO2
↓ 2x Ethanal
2xH2 → ↓
2x Ethanol

49
Q

Overall equation of Fermentation

A

Glucose → 2xEthanol + 2xCO2 + 2xATP

50
Q

Outline process of Lactic Acid Formation

A

Glucose
2XH2←↓ →2xATP
2xPyruvate
2xH2→ ↓
2xLactate

51
Q

Where in the body is lactic acid broken down?

A

Liver

52
Q

What is most of the lactic acid converted into?

A

Glycogen

53
Q

Define Oxygen Debt

A

The oxygen required to break down the lactate.

54
Q

Total ATP yield of aerobic respiration and show your working

A

Process- ATP yield-

GLYCOLYSIS:
- 2 ATP(directly) → 2
- 2 NADH/H+ → 6

LINK REACTION:
- 2 NADH/H+ → 6

KREBS CYCLE:
- 2 ATP(directly) → 2
- 6 NADH/H+ → 18
- 2 FADH2 → 4

TOTAL ATP YIELD : 2+6+6+2+18+4 = 38

55
Q

Name two molecules that can be used as alternative respiratory substrates

A

Lipids;
Proteins (during starvation only)

56
Q

Explain how lipids are used in respiration

A

—– Glycerol → Triose phosphate → Glycolysis
↗
FAT
↘
Fatty Acids
↓
(2C)Acetate fragments
↓
Acetyl coenzyme A → Krebs Cycle

57
Q

Explain how proteins are used in respiration

A

Glucose
—- Ammonia→Urea→Kidneys ↓
↗ Triose phosphate
Protein ↓
↘ ↱——————–> Pyruvate
Keto Acids ↓
↓ ↳———————> Acetyl CoA
↓
↳——–> Krebs Cycle

WJEC Eduqas Biology (1 decks)

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