ATP and chemiosmosis

Question 1

what are autotrophs

Answer 1

plants that trap light energy converting it to chemical energy of organic molecules

Question 2

what are heterotrophs

Answer 2

animas, fungi, bacteria that consue plants

Question 3

What does ATP stand for and what is it made from and what is it

Answer 3

Adenosine Triphosphate. 
made from
-a nitrogenous base (adenine)
-ribose (pentose sugar)
- three phosphate groups
It is a phosphorylated nucleotide, belongs to the nucleic acids (like DNA)

Question 4

How is ATP made

Answer 4

ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from energy-releasing reactions e.g respiration. ATP synthetase catalyses this process

Question 5

what is the reaction called if energy is used

Answer 5

endergonic reaction

Question 6

How is ATP broken down

Answer 6

ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing the energy contained within the bond
ATPase catalyses this process.

Question 7

what is the reaction called if the energy is released?

Answer 7

exergonic reaction

Question 8

why do we need ATP

Answer 8

active tranposrt, replication of DNA. muscle contraction, sodium potassium pumps, reaboption in PCT.

Question 9

What happens when ATP is hydrolysed into ADP

Answer 9

energy is released by breaking the terminal phosphate bond. It is an immediate source of energy for metabolism.

Question 10

What is ATP described as

Answer 10

A universal energy currency because it supplies energy to all cells for all chemical reactions

Question 11

How is ATP made

Answer 11

ATP proudced across inner membrane of mitochondria and thylakoid mmebrane of chloroplasts.
process is called phosphorylation
ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide
there is 3 types of phosphorylation in respiration and photosynthesis
- substrate phosphorylation in respiration
- Oxidative phosphorylation (needs oxygen) in aerobic respiration
-Photophosphorylation (needs light) takes place in chloroplasts of plants

Question 12

what does OIL RIG stand for

Answer 12

Oxidation is loss of electrons and protons from hydrogen atoms but gains oxygen
Reduction is the gain of electrons and protons from hydrogen atoms but also is loss of oxygen

Question 13

In respiration and photosynthesis, how are electrons used?

Answer 13

in respiration and photosynthesis, there are electron transport chains that are formed on the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. the electrons are used as a source of energy to pump protons (postively charged hydrogen ions) across the membrane.

Question 14

where do the hydrogen atoms come from in respiration

Answer 14

they come from oxidation of substances within respiration and they need an enzyme - dehydrogenase and hydrogen acceptors take the hydrogen to the electron transport chain

Question 15

What are hydrogen acceptors

Answer 15

co-enzymes (NAD, FAD), that work with the enzyme dehydrogenase that removes hdyrgoen from the substrates involved in respiration.
hydrogen is passed to the hydrogen acceptors
as they remove the hydrogen the substrate is oxidised and the acceptor is reduced
they pass electrons from the hydrogen to the electron transport chain which creates the enrgy needed for the proton pump

Question 16

What is substrate phosphorylation

Answer 16

the energy is needed to convert ADP to ATP comes from the conversion of one substrate to another

Question 17

what is oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 17

takes place in the mitochondria on the inner membrane. from one substrate to antoher NAD is becomes reduced by gaining hydrogen atom. and electrons are used as energy in chemiosmosis to make ATP

Question 18

what is photophosphorylation

Answer 18

takes place in the chloroplasts in green plants during the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis

Question 19

where is ATP produced

Answer 19

the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
hydrogen removed from substrates used in respiration using hte enzyme dehydrogenase. it is then picked up by hydrogen acceptors NAD, FAD…
substrate then becomes oxidised and hydrogen acceptor becomes reduced

Question 20

What is the generation of ATP

Answer 20

chemiosmosis - cells use the enrgy released by ‘falling electrons’ in the electron transport chain to pump hydrogen ions across membrane. this uses the ATP synthetase

Question 21

What happens every time NAD passes its hydrogen on to the electron transport chain

Answer 21

3 ATP molecules would be made through chemiosmosis

Question 22

what happens every time FAD passes its hydrogen on to the electron transport chain

Answer 22

2 ATP molecules would be made through chemiosmosis

Question 23

what do the reduced NAD and FAD do when they reach to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Answer 23

pass their hydrogen atoms onto cytochome carriers found. Then the atoms are split into electrons and protons. (hydrogen ions)
As the elctrons are passed between the cytochrome electron carriers, energy is released.

Question 24

What forms the electrochemical gradient

Answer 24

The energy released when the elctrons pass between the cytochrome electron carriers, in which is used to pump protons via specialised proton pumps from the matrix into the intermembrane space forming the electrochemical gradient

Question 25

What can you find on the stalked granules on the inner membrane

Answer 25

ATP synthetase, the protons flow down their concentration gradient through channels in the stalked granules back out into matrix. the energy released is used to ‘turn’ the enzyme and so phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

Question 26

what do the used protons do

Answer 26

they combine with electrons and oxygen atoms to form water