atp Flashcards
where does all energy come from?
all energy comes from the sun
what do plants use this energy from the sun for? (2)
plants use this energy to combine water and carbon dioxide to make complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates. plants and animals can then oxidise these molecules during respiration to form ATP which is the main energy source used in cells.
where does the energy come from that cells use to carry out any processes that require energy?
when cells carry out any process that requires energy, the energy always comes from ATP, it never comes direct from any nutrient. ATP is the cell’s form of energy.
what is the structure of ATP?
one adenine, one ribose, three phosphates, (see diagram)
ATP is continuously __________ then _____________
ATP is continuously hydrolysed then re-synthesised
how is ATP synthesised? (5)
- ATP is synthesised by the phosphorylation of ATP via a condensation reaction using the enzyme ATP synthase
- synthesis, or phosphorylation, requires energy
- this energy comes from respiration
- during respiration, glucose is broken down and energy is released
- the energy released is used to join a phosphate molecule to adenosine diphosphate to produce adenosine triphosphate
what is the equation for the formation of ATP?
ADP + Pi → ATP
(energy (from respiration)) written going into the arrow
what are the three ways that ATP is synthesised?
- photophosphorylation : in chloroplast of plant cells during photosynthesis
- oxidative phosphorylation : during respiration in animal and plant cells
- substrate level phosphorylation : when phosphates from donor molecules are used during respiration in animal and plant cells
what do cells use ATP as?
cells use ATP as the immediate energy source for biological processes
why is ATP easily hydrolysed?
ATP is easily hydrolysed as the phosphoanhydride bonds between phosphate groups have a low activation energy
how is ATP hydrolysed?
ATP is hydrolysed using the enzyme ATP hydrolase to release energy when the bond between the phosphates is broken
what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP → ADP + Pi
(energy) written leaving the arrow
what is ATP known as? why?
ATP is known as the universal energy carrier because it is used by all biological organisms
why is ATP an ideal energy carrying molecule? (4)
ATP is an ideal energy carrying molecule because it has the following properties :
- when ATP is hydrolysed, energy is released in small, manageable amounts
- energy is released immediately in a single-step reaction
- it is soluble in water
- it cannot be stored
what can the inorganic phosphate removed during the hydrolysis of ATP be used for? +example
this inorganic phosphate can be used to make other molecules more reactive.
for example, in respiration the phosphate is added to the stable glucose molecule to make phosphorylated glucose, which is unstable and can be broken down to release energy.
