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Physical Science > Atoms, Molecules, Elements & Chemicals > Flashcards

Atoms, Molecules, Elements & Chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons in atoms

also number of electrons in neutral charged atoms

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2
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms with unequal protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What is the mass number of an atom?

A

How massive the atom is/number of protons plus number of neutrons (Electrons are so small, they don’t count in the atomic mass)

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4
Q

What are periods, groups, and families.

A

Periods are rows in the periodic table

Groups and families are interchangeable terms referring to the columns in the periodic table.

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5
Q

What is significant about the group number an atom is found in on the periodic table?

A

Group number is the number of valence electrons (electrons in outer shell) that a neutral atom of that element has.

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6
Q

True or false: Electrons move in a circular orbit around the nucleus of an atom

A

False: Electrons move in more of a wave pattern than a circular pattern

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7
Q

Who is Robert Milikan?

A

discovered the fundamental charge of an atom

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8
Q

What important factor has everything to do with how atoms react with each other?

A

the number of valence electrons

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9
Q

Define chemical reaction

A

the formation or breaking of chemical bonds to form new molecules.

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10
Q

Define photosynthesis and combustion

A 
Photosynthesis = absorbtion of energy
Combustion = release of energy
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11
Q

True or false: Chemical bonds are electrical

A

True: Chemical bonds are electrical because they are formed by electrical attraction

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12
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms always attempt to have full outer shells of 8 valence electrons. This can happen through sharing or through taking

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13
Q

What are the three types of bonds that happen between atoms?

A

3 types of bonds

  1. Ionic: One atom gives and one takes
  2. Covalent: Electrons are shared between atoms
  3. Metallic (not important to know for this class)
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14
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Electronegativity is a measure of how much atoms want electrons. The more they already have, the more they want to get up to 8. The less they have, the more likely they are to give up what they already have.

You can remember this by remembering the words of Jesus in Matthew 13:12 - “For to the one who has, more will be given, and he will have an abundance, but from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away”

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15
Q

When naming chemical compounds, what does an ending of “ide” mean?

A

An ending of “ide” means the compound contains only two elements

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16
Q

What is the difference between an empirical and a molecular formula?

A

Empirical formula: written down in lowest ratio

Molecular formula: identifies actual number of molecules

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17
Q

True or false: Covalent bonds are always written as empirical formulas

A

False: Ionic bonds are always written as empirical formulas

OR

Empirical formulas can be the lowest ratio of a covalent compound

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18
Q

What is formula weight?

A

Formula weight is the sum of atomic weights of all atoms in a formula

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19
Q

What is percent composition?

A

Percent composition is what percentage by atomic weight each element takes up in a compound

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20
Q

What is a mole?

A

Mole is a scientific number used for counting very small objects such as how many water molecules in a glass of water.

One mole = 6.02 x 10^23 (or 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

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21
Q

Know how to balance equations

A

Balancing equations is like a fun mind puzzle. Essentially, you need to make both sides of the equation equal by adding coefficients before the molecules in an equation. Sometimes, this is best done by trial and error.

I recommend trying to get some practice on this before exam time.

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22
Q

What is special about hydro-carbon and oxygen?

A

Whenever you have hydro-carbon in any amount in the presence of oxygen, you will always see a result of Carbon Dioxide & Water. This is one of very few reactions we can guarantee the results of every time.

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23
Q

True or false: When writing names of ionic compounds, always write the nonmetal first.

A

FALSE: When writing names of ionic compounds, always write the metal first.

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24
Q

True or False: Elements in the same row of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical properties.

A

FALSE: Elements in the same column (or group) of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical properties.

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25
Q

The word Halogen is Greek meaning what?

A

salt former

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26
Q

True or false: The atomic number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?

A

FALSE: The atomic number of an element is the total number of protons ONLY (does not include neutrons)

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27
Q

The atomic weight of neon is 20.2. What does this mean?

A

Neon occurs as isotopes of different masses and the weighted average is 20.2 units (U).

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28
Q

Calcium belongs to what family?

A

alkaline earth metals

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29
Q

What is the family name for elements found in group 1?

A

Alkali metals

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30
Q

What is the family name for elements found in group 2?

A

alkaline earth metals

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31
Q

What is the family name for elements found in group 7?

A

Halogens

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32
Q

What is the family name for elements found in group 8?

A

Noble Gases

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33
Q

The element chlorine belongs to which family?

A

Halogens

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34
Q

The most important factor in the chemical behavior of an atom is the…

A

electron structure

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35
Q

True of False: Einstein proposed that electrons on the surface of a metal gradually absorb energy from a photon until they have enough energy to leave the surface.

A

FALSE

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36
Q

True or False: Protons and neutrons have about the same mass.

A

TRUE

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37
Q

True or False: An electron moves from one orbital to another only when it absorbs or emits energy.

A

TRUE

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38
Q

The quantum mechanical model of the atom differs from the Bohr model in that it…

A

considers the electron as a wave

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39
Q

The energy of a photon of light emitted by an electron equals the…

A

difference in energy between two levels

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40
Q

Photons of which color of light possess the greatest amount of energy? 


41
Q

According to Rutherford’s calculations, the volume of an atom is filled with mostly…

A

empty space

42
Q

True or False: Protons are so much more massive than electrons that you can neglect the mass of electrons when determining the mass of an atom.

43
Q

What are ions?

A

positively or negatively charged atoms

44
Q

How does an atom become positively charged

A

by losing an electron (Therefore, the number of positively charged protons is greater than the number of negatively charged electrons…An atom cannot gain or lose protons without becoming an entirely different element)

45
Q

What do noble gases have that makes all other atoms want to be like them?

A

full outer shells (8 valence electrons)

46
Q

True or False: Ionic bonds occur between atoms from adjacent groups.

47
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

a shared pair of electrons

48
Q

True or False: The subscript “2” in Mg(OH)2tells you that the charge of the hydroxide ion is (-2). 


A

FALSE - This subscript tells us the number of hydroxide ions

49
Q

How many atoms of oxygen are in a molecule of Al2(CO3)3?

50
Q

The formation of an ionic bond
A. results in a release of energy
B. involves a transfer of one or more electron
C. helps atoms achieve a noble gas-like electron arrangement
D. all of the above

51
Q

The amount of energy released when wood is burned is…

A

equal to the amount of solar energy absorbed during its formation

52
Q

Atoms that have eight valence electrons would tend to do what in reaction with other atoms

A

Atoms that have eight valence electrons would tend to be inert and not react with the others

53
Q

True or False: The formation of a positive ion occurs when an electron is removed

54
Q

The “fictional” element M would hypothetically form a stable ionic compound MCl2. If M were allowed to react with bromine, the resulting compound would have the formula…

A

MBr (Be able to explain why)

55
Q

What type of chemical bond does the sharing of a pair of electrons form?

56
Q

Atoms from an element in group IIA are allowed to react with atoms from an element in group VIIA. What type of compound is likely to form (ionic or covalent)?

57
Q

What is a polar-covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond that involves somewhat unequal sharing of electrons

58
Q

What is the correct name for the ionic compound, CaF2?

A

Calcium Difluoride

59
Q

True or False: Because of our belief in the law of conservation of mass, it seems reasonable that the number of atoms of reactants must equal the number of atoms of products.

60
Q

What is the total number of atoms in calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2? 


61
Q

What is an oxidizing agent?

A

An oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another substance

62
Q

A chemical reaction is balanced by changing the
…

A

coefficients

63
Q

When the equation __Li + __O2 (right arrow) __Li2O is correctly balanced, what is the sum of the coefficients? 


64
Q

What is the empirical formula of C4H8?

65
Q

True or False: The empirical formula gives the actual number of atoms of each kind in a compound.

66
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ag?

67
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Al

68
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ar?

69
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol As?

70
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Au?

71
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol B?

72
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ba?

73
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Br?

74
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol C

75
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ca?

76
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Co?

77
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Cr?

78
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Cu

79
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol F

80
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Fe

81
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol I?

82
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol K?

83
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Li?

84
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Mn?

85
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ne?

86
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol N?

87
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ni

88
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol P?

A

Phosphorus

89
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Pb

A

Peanut Butter (or Lead, Lead works too. You’ll probably have better luck if you put lead on the exam instead of peanut butter).

90
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Pt?

91
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Rd?

A

No such element!

92
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Rn?

93
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol S?

94
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Sn?

A

Tin (rhymes with sin, might help to remember it that way)

95
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Si?

96
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Ti?

97
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol U?

98
Q

What element is symbolized by the symbol Zr?

Physical Science (4 decks)

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