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physics (paper one) > atoms and isotopes (topic 4) > Flashcards

atoms and isotopes (topic 4) Flashcards

1
Q

(6)

A

structure:
- alpha particle consists of a helium nucleus
- alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
- a beta particle is an electron
- a beta particle comes from the nucleus

penetration:
- alpha particles are very poorly penetrating
- alpha particles can penetrate a few cm in air
- alpha particles are absorbed by skin
- alpha particles are absorbed by thin paper
- beta particles can penetrate several metres of air
- beta particles can pass through thin metal plate / foil
- beta particles can travel further than alpha particles in air
- beta particles can travel further than alpha particles in materials like metals

deflection:
- alpha particles and beta particles are deflected in opposite directions in
an electric field
- beta particles are deflected more than alpha particles
- alpha particles have a greater charge than beta particles but beta particles have much less mass or beta particles have a greater specific charge than alpha particles

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2
Q
A
  • smaller than
  • radon loses an alpha particle
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3
Q

what is the mass number the same as

A

number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

what is the atomic number

A

number of protons

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5
Q

in an atom what two things are the same number

A

electrons and protons

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6
Q

what type of radiation does a smoke detector emit

A

alpha

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7
Q
A

electrons

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

an alpha particle does not have any

A

electrons

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10
Q
A

are highly ionising

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11
Q

(1)

A

neutron discovered

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12
Q
A

1 and 0
very small and -1

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13
Q

(3)

A
  • has a nucleus which is positive charge
  • negative charged electrons
  • orbit nucleus
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14
Q
A

90

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15
Q
A

100
157

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16
Q
A

y and z
same number of protons

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17
Q

what part of an atom determines its element

A

proton

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18
Q

(3)

A
  • A: alpha particle passes straight through the empty space of the atom
  • B: alpha particle deflected by the positive nucleus
  • C: alpha particle heading straight for the nucleus is deflected backwards
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19
Q

(6)

A
  • alpha particle scattering experiment
  • alpha particles directed at gold foil
  • most alpha particles pass straight through
  • (so) most of atom is empty space
  • a few alpha particles deflected through large angles
  • (so) mass is concentrated at centre of atom
  • (and) nucleus is (positively) charged
  • plum pudding model has mass spread throughout atom
  • plum pudding model has charge spread throughout atom
20
Q
A
  • alpha radiation is P because alpha particles are positively charged
  • gamma radiation is Q because gamma rays are neutral
  • (so beta particles are negatively charged)
22
Q
A

to inject… tracer

23
Q

or (a neutral atom has no overall charge, explain this in terms of its particles) (2)

A
  • equal numbers of protons and electrons
  • protons and electrons have equal but opposite charge
24
Q
A

3 fewer neutrons

25
Q

an isotope has the

A

same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

26
Q
27
Q
A

nuclear fission

28
Q
29
Q

(3)

A
  • alpha (particle)
  • mass number goes down by 4
  • number of protons and neutrons goes down by 4
  • or number of neutrons goes down by 2

unstable isotopes are unstable because their ratio of neutrons to protons causes an imbalance in the energies working to hold the nucleus together or push the nucleus apart)

31
Q
A

cosmic rays from space

32
Q
A
  • nuclear power
  • nuclear accidents
33
Q
A
  • different number of / fewer protons
  • or different atomic number
34
Q

which is the atomic/proton number

A

top number

35
Q

which is the atomic mass number

A

bottom number

37
Q
A

how many people in each group developed cancer

38
Q

describe the structure of the alpha particles used in this experiment

A

helium nuclei

39
Q

some positively charged alpha particles were deflected through large angles, explain what can be concluded from this observation

A
  • deflections through large angles show the nucleus repels the alpha particle
  • nucleus must be positively charged as like charges repel
  • mass is concentrated at the centre of atom
41
Q

an ion of magnesium has 12 protons in the nucleus and 10 electrons in orbital shells, calculate the relative charge on the ion

42
Q

describe the structure of the atom in the plum pudding model (2)

A
  • sphere of positive charge
  • negative charges dotted throughout the atom
43
Q

draw an isotope of the nucleus of lithium

A
  • number of protons = 3
  • different number of neutrons
  • expect to see 2,3,5, or 6 neutrons
44
Q

what is the charge of alpha particles

45
Q

what is the charge of gamma radiation

46
Q

what is the charge of beta particles

physics (paper one) (25 decks)

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