Atoms and Chemical Bonds Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Atomic Number?
A
This is the number of Protons in the Nucleus.
2
Q
What is the Mass Number?
A
This is the sum of both Protons and Neutrons in the Nucleus
3
Q
What is the Atomic Mass Number?
A
This is the atom’s Total Mass which can be guessed using the Mass Number.
4
Q
Describe the charge and function of the Proton?
A
Positive Charge.
Determines the Element.
Molecular mass is ALWAYS equal to a Neutron.
5
Q
Describe the charge and function of the Neutron?
A
Neutral or No Charge.
Determines the Isotope.
Molecular mass is ALWAYS equal to a Proton.
6
Q
Describe the charge and function of the Electron?
A
Negative Charge.
This forms the Negative Cloud around the Atom.
Determines the Chemical Behavior of the Atom.
7
Q
What makes up the Atomic Nucleus?
A
Protons and Neutrons
8
Q
Out of Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons which molecular masses are ALWAYS identical?
A
Protons and Neutrons
9
Q
What unit are Protons and Neutrons measured in?
A
Dalton’s
10
Q
What is Matter?
Give 3 Examples.
A
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Example: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
11
Q
What is an Element?
Give 3 Examples.
A
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down because it is in its purest form.
Ex. Oxygen, Gold, and Carbon
12
Q
What is a Molecule?
A
Two or more Atoms held together by a Covalent Bond creates a Molecule.
13
Q
What is the structure of the Atom and the Main Sub-Atomic Particles?
A
The Atomic Nucleus is at the Center which is made up of Sub-Atomic particles called Protons which are positively charged and Neutrons which are neutrally charged. The Nucleus is at the center of the Atom and it is surrounded by a negatively charged cloud formed by the negatively charged Electrons on the Valences. The Nucleus is surrounded by three layers called Valences. The First Shell of the Valence is the Lowest Energy Level. The Second Shell of the Valence is the Higher Energy Level. The Third Shell of the Valence is the Highest Energy Level. Energy is absorbed and lost through these Valences.
14
Q
What are the 7 Major Elements of the Human Body? and Why?
A
- Oxygen (O)
- Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Calcium (Ca)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (P)
15
Q
What is a Trace Elements?
A
These are elements that are required by an organism in only small quantities.
Example: Iron (Fe) in Oxygen Transport in the Blood
Example: Iodine (I) in Thyroid Gland Function
16
Q
What is the difference between the Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells?
A
Prokaryotic Cells - These cells HAVE NO nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles. Normally smaller than the Eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Cells - These cells HAVE a nucleus and contains membrane enclosed organelles. Normally larger than the Prokaryotic cells.
17
Q
Describe the Prokaryotic Cell?
Give 2 Examples.
A
Prokaryotic Cells - These cells HAVE NO nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles.
Example: Bacteria - Single Celled Organism
Example: Archaea - Single Celled Organism
18
Q
Describe the Eukaryotic Cells?
A
Eukaryotic Cells - These cells HAVE a nucleus and contains membrane enclosed organelles.
19
Q
What does DNA stand for?
A
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
20
Q
What is inside the Eukaryotic membrane?
A
Cytoplasm
Membrane Enclosed Organelles
Membrane Enclosed Nucleus
DNA throughout the Nucleus
21
Q
What are the 3 domains of life?
A
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
22
Q
What cells are in the Domain: Bacteria?
A
Bacterial Cells
23
Q
What cells are in the Domain: Archaea?
A
Archaeal Cells
24
Q
What kingdoms are in the Domain: Eukarya?
A
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protists
25
A population of a specific species is born with varied inherited traits (i.e. brown coloring vs. white coloring on mice in dirt areas). This occurs when there is an elimination of individuals with certain traits (i.e. birds eating only the white colored mice because they stand out against the dirt in the area). This leads to a diminished population of the targeted trait of the victims and a thriving population of the trait of the survivors (i.e. brown colored mice repopulate and flourish because they are not being targeted). This leads to an increase in the offspring reproduced to be born with the survivor trait which enhances survival and reproductive success (i.e. more brown mice are born and the white mice slowly become a minority and can reach the point of extinction). What does this define?
Natural Selection
26
The shared anatomy of mammalian forelimbs reflects inheritance of the limb structure from a common ancestor aka the "prototype" mammal from which all other mammals descended. What does this define?
The Darwinian Concept of Descent with Modification
27
__________ is an explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction. This is an explanation on trial. It is usually a rational accounting for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A scientific version of this must lead to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments.
Hypothesis
28
________ is a scientific test, carried out under controlled conditions. A scientific hypothesis must lead to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing this test.
Experiment
29
_______ reasoning involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific. From general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premise is true. This takes the form of predictions of results that will be found if a particular hypothesis (premise) is correct.
Deductive Reasoning
30
______ reasoning from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion. It involves collecting and analyzing observations that can lead to important conclusions based on any type of logic. This logic flows from generalizations from a large number of specific observations. Ex. The sun always rises in the East.
Inductive Reasoning
31
This is expressed by measuring the frequency and duration of specific behaviors and recording descriptions rather than numerical measurements (i.e. Jane Goodall monitoring the monkeys behavior.)
What does this define?
Quantitative Data
32
Unique Properties of Water:
A neutral or uncharged molecule that has an asymmetrical internal distribution of charge, leading to partially positive and partially negative regions. What does this define?
Polar Molecule
33
Unique Properties of Water:
| The attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same type. What does this define?
Cohesion
34
Unique Properties of Water:
| The attraction of molecules of a different type. What does this define?
Adhesion
35
Unique Properties of Water:
The mass per unit volume of a substance.
What does this define?
Density
36
Unique Properties of Water:
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. What does this define?
Specific Heat Capacity
37
Unique Properties of Water:
The amount of energy needed to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas at constant temperature. What does this define?
Heat of Vaporization
38
Define S Orbitals?
An orbital is a component of an electron shell. The first electron shell has only one spherical S orbital or the 1s but the second shell has four orbitals: there is one large spherical orbital called the 2s.
39
Define P Orbitals?
An orbital is a component of an electron shell.The first electron shell has only one spherical S orbital or the 1s but the second shell has four orbitals: there is one large spherical orbital called the 2s and 3 dumbbell shaped P orbitals (called 2p orbitals). The third shell and other higher electron shells also have S and P orbitals, as well as orbitals of more complex shapes.
40
This is a 3 dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. Each electron shell contains at a particular energy level, distributed among a specific number of shells of distinctive shapes and orientations. What does this define?
Orbital
41
Describe Electron Placement on the Orbital?
No more than 2 electrons can occupy a single orbital. The first electron shell can accommodate 2 electrons in it's S orbital. The one electron on Hydrogen reside on the 1S orbital. The two electrons on Helium also reside on the 1S orbital. The four orbitals on the second electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons, which is 2 on each orbital. Electrons in each of the four orbitals in the second shell have nearly the same energy, but they move in different volumes of space.
42
Define Anion?
A negatively charged ion.
43
Define Cation?
A positively charged ion.
44
Cations and Anions have opposite charges they are attracted to each other. What type of bond is this?
Ionic Bond
45
How is matter organized?
1
46
A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. The ratios never change.
What is this substance called?
Compound
Ex. Table Salt is Sodium Chloride (NaCl) this is the the elements Sodium (Na) + Chlorine (Cl) in a 1:1 ratio.
Ex. Water (H2O) is Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) in a 2:1 ratio.
47
Name the three most common sub atomic particles?
Neutrons
Electrons
Protons
48
How do you determine the the number of protons and electrons in an atom?
A atom is always neutral in electrical charge. This means that protons must be balanced by an equal number of electrons. The ATOMIC number tells you the number of protons as well as the number of electrons in the atom. You can figure out the amount of neutrons using the MASS number which is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
49
What is the physical-chemical behavior of subatomic particles?
4
50
How are electrons distributed in an atom, and how are they distributed within the orbitals?
5
51
Describe the different chemical bonds?
Describe any similarities?
Describe any differences?
6
52
_____ is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the Hydrogen ion concentration
pH
53
Define subatomic particle?
8
54
In a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity- the tug of war is at a standoff. What type of bond is this?
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
55
When an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally. What type of bond is this?
Polar Covalent Bond
56
Define polar molecules?
The unequal sharing of electrons and water's V-like shape make it a ______ molecule, meaning that it's overall charge is unevenly distributed.
57
When a Hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, the Hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different electronegative atom. What type of bond is this?
Hydrogen Bond
58
Atoms in a molecule attract shared bonding electrons. The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of covalent bond is called _______. The more negative an atom is the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself.
Electronegativity
59
Describe the dissociation of molecules?
14
60
This is the ability of a substance to be dissolved in water. A component of water potential that is proportional to the molarity of a solution and it measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; this can also be called osmotic potential. It can be either xero or negative.
Solubility
61
This is a substance that increases the Hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Ex. When Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is added to water, Hydrogen ions dissociate from Chloride ions. [i.e. HCl > H+ + Cl-] This source of H+ (dissociation of water is the other source) This results in an ____ solution - one having more H+ than OH-.
Acid Solution (Acid pH)
62
This is a substance that reduces the Hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Some substances reduce the H+ concentration directly by accepting Hydrogen ions. This results in an ____ solution.
Ex. Ammonia (NH3), for instance, acts as this when the unshared electron pair in Nitrogen's valence shell attracts a Hydrogen ion from the solution, resulting in ammonium ion (NH4+) [i.e. NH3+H+<>NH4+]
Ex. These can reduce the H+ concentration indirectly dissociating to form Hydroxide ions, which combine with Hydrogen ions and form water.
Basic Solution? (Basic pH)
63
Describe a
Neutral Solution? (Neutral pH)
64
A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound. What does this define?
Salt Molecule
65
Describe the water molecule and its main physical-chemical properties?
20
66
If phosphorus has an atomic number of 15, How many electrons does phosphorus have?
21
67
What atom or atoms in the molecule of water are the most electronegative?
The Oxygen (O) molecule is more electronegative than Hydrogen (H) because the shared electrons are pulled more toward Oxygen.
68
How many electrons can be found in any given orbital?
First Orbital: Up to 2 Electrons
Second Orbital: Up to 8 Electrons
Third Orbital: Up to 8 Electrons
69
What atom or atoms in the molecule of water are the least electronegative?
The Hydrogen (H) is less electronegative than Oxygen (O) which results in a partial negative charge on Oxygen and a partial positive charge on each Hydrogen.
70
What is the shape of S orbitals?
S orbitals are Spherical in shape.
71
What is the shape of P orbitals?
P orbitals are Dumbbell shaped. The three 2P orbitals lie at right angles to one another along imaginary X-, Y-, and Z- axes of the atom.
72
How do atoms influence chemical characteristics of matter?
27
73
Describe how electrons are arranged within a given atom?
28
74
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. What does this define?
Metabolism
75
The steady status and physiological condition of the body. What does this define?
Homeostasis
76
Living things copulating sexually or asexually to create more of their same species. What does this define?
Reproduction
77
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus. What does this define?
Mutation
78
Define genetic diversity?
Genetic Diversity
79
Before a cell divides, this is first replicated and each of the two cellular offspring inherits a complete set of chromosomes, identical to that of the parent cell. This is made up of two long chains (strands) of building blocks called nucleotides, this molecule takes the three dimensional double helix. What does this define?
DNA
80
_________ are chemical structures consisting of two or more units called atoms.
Biological Molecules
81
Life's fundamental unit of structure and function; the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life is defined as ________. Some organism consist of only one because it can survive independently.
Cell
82
An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both is defined as a ________.
Tissue
83
A leaf, stem, and root of a plant is an example of an _____, it's a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body. Each tissue has a distinct arrangement and contributes particular properties.
Organ
84
A group of organs that work together to perform vital body functions is defined as an ________.
Organ System
85
An individual living thing, consisting of more than one cell is defined as an _______.
Organism
86
All the individuals of a species living within the boundaries of a specified area is defined as a ___________. (i.e. a meadow has deer)
Population
87
A set of populations that inhabit a particular area in the ecosystem is defined as _______. (i.e. plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria)
Biological Community
88
An ________ consists of of all the living things in a particular area and well as the non-living components of the environment. (i.e. animals, bacteria, soil, water, and light)
Ecosystem
89
Describe interdependence among living organisms?
45
90
Define producers?
These are photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy for food molecules (i.e. sugars) to be passed along by plants to feed consumers.
91
Define consumers?
These are organisms such as animals that feed on other organisms or their remains.
92
Define decomposers?
These are organisms that break down leaf litter and dead organisms, returning chemicals to the soil (i.e. fungi and bacteria)
93
What defines a living organism?
49
94
What differentiates a living organism from a non-living organism?
50
95
What is a single bond?
A pair of shared electrons
96
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
Ex. 21 - 11 = 12 Neutrons for Na+ (Sodium)
What is this formula used to calculate?
This is used to calculate the number of neutrons in an atom.
97
Ammonia (NH3), for instance, acts as this when the unshared electron pair in Nitrogen's valence shell attracts a Hydrogen ion from the solution, resulting in ammonium ion (NH4+) [i.e. NH3+H+<>NH4+] What kind of solution is this?
Basic Solution
98
[NH3+H+<>NH4+] These can reduce the H+ concentration indirectly dissociating to form Hydroxide ions, which combine with Hydrogen ions and form water. What type of solution is this?
Basic Solution
99
Notice that when ________ are used in the reactions for HCl and NaOH. These compounds dissociate completely when mixed with water, so hydrochloric acid is called a strong acid and sodium hydroxide a strong base. In contrast, ammonia is a weak base. The _______ in the reaction for ammonia indicate that the binding and release of Hydrogen ions are reversible reactions, although at equilibrium there will be a fixed ratio of NH4+ to NH3. Weak acids are acids that reversibly release and accept back Hydrogen ions.
Single Arrows
Double Arrows
100
```
Add the sums of the masses of all the atoms. Then multiply the number of atoms by the atomic mass of each element.
What is this formula used to calculate?
i.e. C12 + H22 + O11
a. Carbon Atomic Mass: 12
b. Hydrogen Atomic Mass: 1
c. Oxygen Atomic Mass: 16
a. 12x12= 144
b. 22x1= 22
c. 11x16= 176
d. 144+22+176= 342 Daltons
```
This is used to calculate Molecular Mass
101
A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) which are considered the building blocks also called nucleotides. The molecular structure allows this to store information. This is capable of being replicated and determine the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. What does this define?
DNA
