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Module 3 - Bio Chemistry > Atoms and chemical Bonds > Flashcards

Atoms and chemical Bonds Flashcards

1
Q

What is biochemistry

A

its the study of how chemical processes affect living things

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2
Q

What is matter

A

A substance that takes up space and has mass

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3
Q

What are elements

A

unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that can be broken down further by ordinary chemical reactions.

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4
Q

Periodic table

A

a systemic organization of the elements based on their size, and properties organized by the atomic number. As the number increases so does the size and the atomic mass

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5
Q

Structure of atoms

A

Protons, neutrons, nucleus, electrons.

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6
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of structure that retains an elements properties

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7
Q

Protons

A

positively charged, determines the atom’s property - the atomic number. Atomic number is the number of protons.

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8
Q

Neutrons

A

particle without a charge (0) Isotope - same number of protons, different number of neutrons, same element but different atomic mass

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9
Q

Atomic mass

A

number of protons, and number of neutrons

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

the center of the atom containing protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particles

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12
Q

Ion vs. Isotype

A

Ion means that they are atoms of the same type but have different number of electrons. Isotype are the same type of elements however have different number of neutrons

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13
Q

If an atom gains an electron it will be negatively charged because of the negative electron

A
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14
Q

Chemical bond

A

an attractive force holding two atoms together

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15
Q

Covalent

A

2 atoms sharing an electron
Single bond - one pair or electrons
Double bond - 2 pairs of electrons
Triple bond (strongest bond) 3 pairs of electron
Polar bond - electrons are unevenly shared
Nonpolar bond - evenly shared electrons

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16
Q

Ionic bond

A

there is no sharing of electrons in the atom. This causes 1 negative and 1 positive electrons which cause attraction.

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17
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

positive hydrogen is attracted to a different element

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18
Q

Bonding increases an atoms stability

A
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19
Q

Chemical bonds store energy

A
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20
Q

Molecule

A

a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. The atoms in a molecule can be of the same tyle or a different type

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21
Q

Mixture

A

the physical combination of 2 or more substances that retain their individual properties. Two types of mixtures - homogenous and hetrogenous

22
Q

Homogenous mixture

A

components are extremely distributed. You cannott distinguish the original substance. Ex. salt and water, sugar and water.

23
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

components are unevenly distributed and easily visible - chocolate chip cookies

24
Q

Solute vs. solvant

A

Solute is the substance that is dissolved (sugar) and solvent is the substance that does the dissolving (water)

25
PH
The PH of the solution is how acidic or basic a solution is. 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic (high Ht). Above 7 is basic
26
Why is PH important
in biology enzyme activity and many biochemical processes are PH-dependant in chemistry - PH affects chemical reactions, solubility and compound stability.
27
Buffer
a substance that is resistant to PH changes. Buffers make it easier for organisms to maintain normal PH levels. Carbonates help the blood stay at PH. 7.4
28
An organic compound contains elements of carbon. An important element for living things because it is able to make 4 single bonds
29
Carbon containing compounds can form different shapes
30
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur are all important to living things (EHNOPS)
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Macromolecule
large molecule made up of many atoms - broken down into smaller parts, monomer and polymer
32
Monomer
smaller subunit that can be bonded with other monomers to build a large molecule
33
polymer
large macromolecule built by linking monomers through covalent bonding
34
Covalent bonds are made between monomers through dehydration synthesis
35
Dehydration synthisis
formation of a bond between two molecules through the removal of water molecules
36
A protein shape is determined by its amino acid sequence and the way that the amino acid interact with each other and the environment
37
hydrolysis
the breaking of bonds through the addition of water molecules
38
There are 4 classes of macromolecules
carbohydrate, lipid, proteins and nucleic acid
39
Carbohydrates
made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen (1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen). Monomer is monosaccharide Polymer is polysaccharide which consists of many monosaccharide bonded together
40
Lipid
commonly known as fat is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. function is to provide energy storage saturated and unsaturated fats provide energy storage in their bonds together through hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids. Lipids do not have a monomer, non polar and do not mix with water. saturated fat - solid during room temperature becasue their fatty acid chains consiste only of single bonds between carbon atoms unsaturated fat are liquids at room temperature because their fatty acid chains have double bonds
41
Protein
made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfar. function is transporting other substances and speeding up chemical reactions and cell communication monomer is amino acid Peptide bonds bind together amino acid the polymer of protein is polypeptide
42
4 structures of protein
primary structure is the sequence of amino acid secondary structure is the folding of amino acid chain based on the interaction of adjacent amino acids the tertiary structure is the folding of the secondary structure based on how the side chains interacts with the protein environment the quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple protein chains together in the tertiary structure
43
nucleic acid
macromolecules that are used for storing genetic information and for cellular energy. nucleotide is the monomer of acid made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus DNA stores heredity information RNA carries it to parts of the cell that can read the genes message
44
chemical reaction
occurs when the molecular arrangement of a substance is rearranged, resulting in a new substance. it involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds (like burning paper)
45
physical reaction
when a substance is alerted without changing the chemical composition of the substance - water to ice.
46
there are several parts to a chemical reaction - represented by a chemical equation - the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction - reactants and products
reactants - substance that will undergo change - left side of the equation products - substance that results from the chemical change written on the right side
47
some reactions release or absorb energy from the environment - exothermic reaction and endothermic
exothermic - energy is released as chemical bonds are broken endothermic energy is absorbed as chemical bonds are formed.
48
enzyme
is a protein that speeds up chemical reaction
49
substrate
is the substance that is acted on by an enzyme. The substance is the reactant for which the protein is participating. the active site is the area of the enzyme that binds to the substance. enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur.
50
activation energy
the energy required to start a chemical reaction
51
denaturation
when protein loses its shape. there are several factors that can cause denaturation such as temp or PH
52
the optimal range of enzyme describes the conditions in which an enzyme functions best

Module 3 - Bio Chemistry (1 decks)

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