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Science Test Revision Chemistry > Atoms > Flashcards

Atoms Flashcards

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1
Q

Compounds

A
  • Chemically bonded
  • Cannot be separated
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2
Q

Mixture

A
  • Physically mixed
  • Can be separated
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3
Q

Element

A
  • Only possesses one type of atom
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4
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

Law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created or destroyed

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5
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

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6
Q

A+B = AB

A

A + B is reactants
AB is product

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7
Q

Period

A
  • Row
  • Number of electron shells (shells with electrons in them)
  • 7 periods in total
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8
Q

Group

A
  • Column
  • Number of electrons they’ve got in the outer shell
  • Outer shell = valence shell
  • 18 groups in total
  • 8 main groups
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9
Q

Charges

A
  • If electrons are collected, a charge is given
  • If there is a charge it is an ion
  • If there is a positive charge it is a cation
  • If there is a negative charge it is an anion
  • If an electron is gained it has a - ion
  • If an electron is lost it has a + ion
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10
Q

Metals

A
  • Positive charge (cation)
  • Loses electrons
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11
Q

Non-metals

A
  • Negative charge (anion)
  • Gains electrons
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12
Q

Ionic Bonding

A
  • Positive and negative (metals and non-metals)
  • Ionic bonds dissolve in water
  • When ionic bonds dissolve in water, the water particles prevent the ions from sticking back together
    The ions are then spread evenly throughout the water to create a solution
  • Electrons move to and from one another
  • To balance electron numbers in outer shell
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13
Q

Balancing compounds

A

Li2O
Lithium = needs to lose 1 electron (non metal)
Oxygen = needs 2 electrons (metal)
Therefore, two lithium are needed to balance oxygen and lithium

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14
Q

Covalent bonding

A
  • Negative and negative
  • Only share electrons from outer shell
  • When sharing, electrons move back and forth between elements
  • Nonmetals and nonmetals join together
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15
Q

Covalent Bonding Example

A

E.g. H2O
- Hydrogen needs 1 electron (for a full outer shell) and
- Oxygen needs 2 electrons (for a full outer shell)
- H2O - there are 2 hydrogen atoms (1 more electron)
- The hydrogen atoms share their electrons to the oxygen atom to make a full outer shell (in the oxygen atom)
- The oxygen atom shares 2 of its electrons to the hydrogen atom to make a full outer shell (in the hydrogen atoms)

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16
Q

Noble Gasses

A
  • Outer shell is full
  • Is inert so does not give, take, share electrons
  • 18th (8th) group of the periodic table
17
Q

2n^2

A
  • The formula for the maximum number of electrons the shell can hold
  • N = the shell number
  • 2(1)^2 = 2 - the first electron shell can hold 2 electrons
  • 2 (2)^2 = 8 - the second electron shell can hold 8 electrons
  • Shell number^2, then times 2
18
Q

Electron Configuration

A
  • Written format for number of electrons in each shell
  • Beryllium (4 electrons) = 2,2
  • Oxygen (8 electrons) = 2,6
19
Q

Ionic Formulas

A
  1. Write the valence (number electrons in outer shell to gain or lose)

Fe3+ (needs to lose three electrons), O2- (needs to gain 2 electrons)

  1. Cross the valences
    Fe = 2-
    O = 3+
  2. Drop the +/-
    Fe = 2
    O = 3

Ionic Formula:
Fe2O3

  1. Reduce if possible

Fe2 means number of atoms - how many elements needed to balance

Fe^3+ means number of electrons to lose or gain (determined by -/+)

20
Q

Mass Number

A

The total amount of protons + neutrons
- Number at the top left or bottom (in periodic table)

21
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons
- Number of protons is equal to number of electrons
- Number at the top left (in periodic table) or bottom left

22
Q

electron vs proton mass

A

An electron’s mass = 1/1800 of a protons mass

23
Q

Shell energy

A
  • Each shell has a different level of energy
  • Increases as shell number grows
  • Put heat to ‘excite’ electron = more energy
  • With more energy, the electron will jump to an electron shell that is further away from the nucleus
  • After cooling, energy will change form

E.g. Fireworks, fire excites electron as ascending, electron cools and changes to the form of light energy
The heat will change into kinetic energy and into light when it cools down

24
Q

Polyatomic Ion

A

A polyatomic ion is an ion comprised of two or more atoms and have an overall charge
- When 2 capitals are next to each other

E.g.
Hydroxide anion (OH-)
Phosphate anion (PO43-)
Ammonium (NH4+)

25
Q

Writing equations

A

When writing equations, metals are always written first

Science Test Revision Chemistry (2 decks)

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