Atomic Structure- Organic Flashcards
Outline elements
The simplest substances made up from simple particles
Consist of atoms which are all the same; either as single atoms or bonded together.
Outline molecules
More than one atom bonded together.
Outline compounds
Molecular and a combination of different atoms
Outline an atom
Basic unit that makes up all matter.
Made from smaller sub-atomic particles
Number of protons always equal to number of electrons
Outline the noble gases
Odourless, colourless, low chemical activity, mono-atomic gases
What is relative atomic mass
Mass of. Protons and numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
What are isotopes
Different numbers of. Protons and neutrons of the same elements
What is absorption spectrum
Hydrogen atoms absorb specific wavelengths of light, absorb a set energy
Absorption of energy causes an electron to jump from low energy to a high energy state
What is the Rutherford-Bohr model
Electrons move around orbitals in a fixed circular orbit
Each orbit has its own fixed energy
Shell closest to nucleus is ground state-lowest energy level
How many electrons does N1 hold
2
How many electrons does N2 hld
8
How many electrons does N3 hold
18
How many electrons does N4 hold
32
What are valence electrons
Electrons in the highest shell
Outline the S orbital
Sphere, symmetrical, found in all orbitals, hold a maximum of 2 electrons
Outline the P orbitals
Dumbbells, lobes either side of the nucleus, identical in shape, 3 orbitals found at principle energy levels of 2 and above
Outline D orbitals
5 orbitals, only found in quantum numbers 3 and above- 2 electrons
Outline F orbitals
7 orbitals
How are atomic orbitals filled
Spin pairing
Outline spin pairing
Two electrons to be in the same orbital, minimise repulsion, spin must be paired- far away from each other. One arrow pointing up, one pointing down, most energy efficient way to be in same orbital.
What is hu nds rule
Electrons fill a set of degenerative energy orbitals by keeping their spins parallel before double occupying each orbital, to minimise those electron repulsion’s
Outline the aufbau principle
To populate orbitals for a given atom, start at the lowest energy orbital and work upwards
