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RADT 250 - Equipment Operation II > Atomic Structure & Electrostatics > Flashcards

Atomic Structure & Electrostatics Flashcards

1
Q

anything that occupies space and has inertia

A

matter

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2
Q

smallest subdivision of a substance (compound) having the characteristic properties of that substance

A

molecule

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3
Q

what determines the state of a substance (solid, liquid, gas) ?

A

the degree of attraction between molecules

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4
Q

what two types of bonds hold together molecules?

A

ionic and covalent

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5
Q

ionic bonding of molecules

A

when one molecule is negatively charged and another molecule is positively charged, they are attracted to each other

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6
Q

covalent bonding of molecules

A

when two molecules share an outer shell electron in order to bond

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7
Q

smallest subdivision of an element

A

atom

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8
Q

substances with varying composition (wood / air )

A

mixture

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9
Q

any material that has a definite, constant composition

A

substance

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10
Q

what is an example of a simple substance?

A

O2 ( O atom + O atom) makes oxygen substance

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11
Q

definition of simple substance

A

elements in definite composition (O2)

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12
Q

complex substances are also known as

A

compounds

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13
Q

chemical union of 2 or more elements in definite proportions

A

complex substances or compounds

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14
Q

salt is an example of what kind of substance?

A

complex substance or compound (NaCl sodium and chloride)

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15
Q

matter that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means

A

elements

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16
Q

what is the smallest unit of an element

A

atom

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17
Q

Danish physicist who theorized the atomic structure in 1913

A

Neils Bohr

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18
Q

which nucleons are deficient of charge

A

protons

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19
Q

list shells or orbits of electrons and numbers

A

K - Q 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18

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20
Q

If Tungsten has an atomic number of 74, how many shells does it have?

A

5

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21
Q

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

A

each orbital shell is made up of sub shells where each sub shell contains no more than 2 electrons

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22
Q

according to Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, how many sub shells does the L shell have?

A

4 (because 8 total electrons in L shell)

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23
Q

what conditions allow for a neutral atom?

A

octet or equal number of electrons and protons

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24
Q

octet

A

contains 8 electrons in the outer shell (valence)

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25
Q

another name for outer shell

A

valence

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26
Q

weight of a neutron

A

1.6 x 10^-24 grams

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27
Q

weight of a proton

A

1.6 x 10^-24 grams

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28
Q

weight of an electron

A

1,828 times less than a proton or neutron

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29
Q

atomic number or Z number represents what?

A

number of protons in an atom

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30
Q

atomic mass number or A number represents what?

A

number of protons and neutrons

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31
Q

mass of atom relative to Carbon 12

A

atomic weight

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32
Q

atomic mass unit

A

amu - 1/12 of Carbon 12 nucleus

33
Q

an atom in its normal state

A

nuclide

34
Q

atom with number of electrons altered

A

ion

35
Q

atom with the same atomic number, but different mass number due to difference in neutrons

A

isotope

36
Q

altering the number of protons in an atom will change what?

A

the element

37
Q

any of two or more kinds of atoms having the same atomic mass, but different atomic numbers

A

isobar

38
Q

any of two or more nuclei with the same mass number and atomic number that have different radioactive properties and can exist in any of several energy states

A

isomer

39
Q

why are ethanol and dimethyl ether isomers?

A

they contain the same atomic components, but they differ in the way the atoms are joined together in their molecules

40
Q

one of two or more atoms whose nuclei have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons

A

isotone

41
Q

how to find the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

weight (decimal on periodic table) minus the atomic number

42
Q

radioisotope

A

isotope with excess neutrons in the nucleus, releases these as energy in the form of radiation

43
Q

what do vertical columns on the periodic table represent?

A

families of elements with similar chemical properties and similar chemical reactions, as well as same number of electrons in outer shell

44
Q

periods, or horizontal rows on the periodic table represent what?

A

elements with the same number of electron shells, but with different chemical properties

45
Q

outermost shell that determines the chemical properties of an element

A

valence

46
Q

meaning of valence +1

A

the outermost shell of the atom for a particular element has 1 extra electron, making it able to bond with elements with 7 valence electrons easily forming an octet

47
Q

If an element had 10 electrons in its outer shell, what would the valence be?

A

+2 valence, making them easily able to form compounds with elements with -2 valence

48
Q

the attraction of an atom with a deficiency to an atom with an excess forms which kind of bond?

A

ionic bond (NaCl)

49
Q

sharing of an outer shell electron forms which type of bond?

A

covalent (water)

50
Q

elements whose outer shells are saturated with electrons

A

inert elements (octet)

51
Q

which elements cannot enter into chemical reactions by natural means and why?

A

group O (helium, neon, argon) because they have an octet

52
Q

ionization

A

removal or addition of an electron to an atom, making it positive or negatively charged depending

53
Q

what determines the chemical properties of an element?

A

valence (outer shell)

54
Q

branch of physics that deals with stationary or resting charge

A

electrostatics

55
Q

branch of physics that deals with moving charge or current

A

electrodynamics

56
Q

adding or removing electrons from matter to create an electrical charge

A

electrification

57
Q

what are the two types of charges of electrification

A

positive and negative

58
Q

methods of electrification

A

by friction, contact, or induction

59
Q

removing electrons by rubbing and transferring charge

A

electrification by friction

60
Q

when an electrified body touches an uncharged body and electrons are transferred to uncharged body

A

electrification by contact

61
Q

when a charged object comes close to an uncharged object and the charge is transferred between them

A

electrification by induction

62
Q

surrounding every charged body is

A

an electrical field

63
Q

material that allows electrons to flow freely

A

conductors (copper, aluminum)

64
Q

material that do not allow electrons to flow

A

insulators (rubber, plastics, glass)

65
Q

material that allows electrons to flow only under certain conditions

A

semi-conductors (wood, some plastics, cloth)

66
Q

anything that hinders the flow of current

A

resistance

67
Q

thing that control whether or not electrons will flow through a semi-conductor

A

temperature and the strength of the charge

68
Q

neutralizing an uncharged or charged body by connecting to wet earth

A

grounding

69
Q

what happens when an uncharged body is grounded?

A

it gains electrons to neutralize

70
Q

what happens when a charged body is grounded?

A

it is stripped of electrons to neutralize

71
Q

a true earth ground consists of what?

A

a conductive pipe or rod driven into the earth to a minimum depth of 8 feet

72
Q

formula for electrostatic force

A

(Q1 x Q2) / distance^2 times the material constant (k) = Force

73
Q

electrostatic force is measured by the unit

A

Coulombs

74
Q

where is the only place electrical charges reside

A

on the external surfaces of conductors

75
Q

is the concentration of electrical charge greater on an acute angle or obtuse angle of a conductor ?

A

acute angle, concentration is greatest where curvature is sharpest

76
Q

what types of charges can move through solid conductors?

A

only negative charges

77
Q

if there is no potential difference, electron drift speed through solid conductors is

A

1mm per second

78
Q

when does static discharge occur?

A

with sufficient electrical charge (potential difference) the insulator is broken down and the electrons are released causing a spark

79
Q

lightning discharge is an example of what type of electrification

A

static discharge

RADT 250 - Equipment Operation II (9 decks)

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