Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Question 1

What is the electron structure of Potassium?

Answer 1

2,8,8,1

Potassium has a total of 19 electrons.

Question 2

How many protons does Lithium have?

Answer 2

3

This is also the atomic number of Lithium.

Question 3

What is an isotope?

Answer 3

An atom with a different number of neutrons

Isotopes of oxygen are O-16, O-17, and O-18.

Question 4

What is the mass number of an atom?

Answer 4

Number of protons + number of neutrons

This represents the total mass of the atom.

Question 5

What happens to the melting and boiling points of Group 1 alkali metals as you go down the group?

Answer 5

Decreases

This trend is observed in alkali metals.

Question 6

What is the charge of a proton?

Answer 6

+1

Protons have a positive charge.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: A mixture containing something that DOES dissolve can be separated using _______.

Answer 7

Evaporation

Question 8

Who proposed that all matter is made up of atoms?

Answer 8

John Dalton

Dalton’s work laid the foundation for atomic theory.

Question 9

What did JJ Thomson discover?

Answer 9

Electrons

This discovery proved that atoms can be made of smaller particles.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of _______.

Answer 10

Proton number

Question 11

True or False: The nucleus contains most of the mass in an atom.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the electron structure of Calcium?

Answer 12

2,8,8,2

Calcium has a total of 20 electrons.

Question 13

What do elements in the same group of the periodic table have in common?

Answer 13

Similar properties

This concept is known as periodicity.

Question 14

What type of bonding occurs when a halogen reacts with a metal?

Answer 14

Ionic bond

The result is an ionic salt.

Question 15

What are the main characteristics of transition metals?

Answer 15

Hard, coloured, higher melting points

They also have variable oxidation states.

Question 16

As you go down Group 7, what trend occurs in reactivity?

Answer 16

Decreases

Fluorine is more reactive than Chlorine.

Question 17

What is the typical state of metals at room temperature?

Answer 17

Solid

The exception is Mercury, which is liquid.

Question 18

What is the electron configuration of a Sodium atom?

Answer 18

2,8,1

Sodium has a total of 11 electrons.

Question 19

What happens to the boiling point of noble gases as atomic mass increases?

Answer 19

Increases

This is due to increased van der Waals forces.

Question 20

What is the outer shell electron configuration of all Group 0 elements?

Answer 20

Full outer shell

This contributes to their stability and unreactivity.

Question 21

What is the main property of alkaline metals when they react with water?

Answer 21

Form an alkali and hydrogen

Example: Potassium + Water = Potassium Hydroxide + Hydrogen.

Question 22

What are noble gases characterized by?

Answer 22

They have a full outer shell and are unreactive

Noble gases include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.

Question 23

As you go down Group 7 (the Halogens), what happens to reactivity?

Answer 23

Decreasing reactivity

This trend occurs due to the increasing atomic size and the decrease in the ability to attract electrons.

Question 24

What type of molecules do halogens exist as?

Answer 24

Diatomic molecules

Examples include Cl2 (chlorine) and F2 (fluorine).

Question 25

What is the physical state of fluorine and chlorine at room temperature?

Answer 25

Gases ## Footnote Bromine is a liquid at room temperature.

Question 26

What type of compounds do halogens form when reacting with metals?

Answer 26

Ionic compounds ## Footnote An example is sodium chloride (table salt).

Question 27

What type of compounds do halogens form with other non-metallic compounds?

Answer 27

Molecular compounds ## Footnote An example is water (H2O).

Question 28

What is chromatography used for?

Answer 28

To separate a mixture of different inks.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: In the separation of rock salt, we dissolved the mixture and then _______.

Answer 29

filtered

Question 30

What is the conclusion about filtration and evaporation?

Answer 30

Filtration removes substances that don’t dissolve, and evaporation separates substances that do dissolve.

Question 31

What are compounds formed by?

Answer 31

Two or more different elements chemically combined by sharing or giving of electrons.

Question 32

What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?

Answer 32

An atom.

Question 33

What are the three main components of an atom?

Answer 33

* Electron - negative, mass nearly nothing * Proton - positive, same mass as neutron * Neutron - neutral, same mass as proton

Question 34

What is the periodic table used for?

Answer 34

To arrange all elements in groups according to their properties.

Question 35

What are horizontal rows in the periodic table called?

Answer 35

Periods.

Question 36

What are vertical columns in the periodic table called?

Answer 36

Groups.

Question 37

Fill in the blank: Distillation separates liquids based on different ______ ______.

Answer 37

boiling points

Question 38

What happens during the distillation process?

Answer 38

The liquid with the lower boiling point evaporates first, condenses, and collects.

Question 39

What is an element?

Answer 39

A solid, liquid, or gas made up of only one type of atom.

Question 40

Give examples of simple compounds.

Answer 40

* Methane (CH4) * Water (H2O) * Carbon dioxide (CO2) * Ethyne (C2H2) * Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Question 41

What is the rule for naming compounds when three or more elements combine and two are hydrogen and oxygen?

Answer 41

The name ends with hydroxide.

Question 42

What is the rule for naming compounds when two elements join?

Answer 42

The end is usually -ide.

Question 43

When two identical elements combine, what happens to the name?

Answer 43

The name doesn’t change.

Question 44

What is the chemical formula for sodium hydroxide?

Answer 44

NaOH.

Question 45

What is an example of a covalent formula?

Answer 45

Water (H2O).

Question 46

What is the chemical formula for sodium chloride?

Answer 46

NaCl.

Question 47

True or False: Compounds can only be separated back into elements using a physical reaction.

Answer 47

False.