Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Atomic structure and the periodic table 1 > Flashcards

Atomic structure and the periodic table 1 Flashcards

Atoms, elements, compounds, and mixtures.

1
Q

What are all substances made of?

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of an element that can exist. (and still be identified as that element).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do chemical symbols represent?

A

Atoms of each element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the chemical symbol ‘O’ represent?

A

An atom of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the chemical symbol ‘Na’ represent?

A

An atom of sodium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many different elements are there?

A

about 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are elements shown?

A

The periodic table.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are compounds formed?

A

From elements by chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do chemical reactions always involve?

A

The formation of one or more new substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do chemical reactions often involve?

A

A detectable energy change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a compound?

A

A chemical substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can compounds be separated into elements?

A

Only by chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can compounds be represented?

A

By formulae using the symbols of the atoms from which they were formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can chemical reactions be represented?

A

-Word equations
-Equations using symbols and formulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Formula for ammonia

A

NH₃

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Formula for sodium chloride

A

NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Formula for carbon monoxide

A

CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Formula for hydrochloric acid

A

HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Formula for calcium chloride

A

CaCl₂

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Formula for sodium carbonate

A

Na₂CO₃

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Formula for sulfuric acid

A

H₂SO₄

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the molecules on the left hand side of an equation called?

A

Reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the molecules on the right hand side of an equation called?

A

Products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

You need to be able to write what?

A

Balanced half equations and ionic equations where appropriate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do symbol equations show?

A

The symbols/formulas of the reactants and products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the steps to balancing symbol equations?

A

1-Find an element that doesn’t balance and pencil in a number to try and sort it out.

2- If it creates another imbalance, pencil in another number and see where that gets you.

3- Carry on until the equation sorts itself out and becomes balanced.

4- You can always draw dots or the symbol repeats if necessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A substance that consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to the chemical properties of two substances that are mixed together?

A

They are unchanged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can mixtures be separated?

A

By physical processes such as filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and chromatography.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens during physical separation techniques?

A

No new substances are made.

No chemical reactions occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is air?

A

A mixture of gases - mainly nitrogen (78%) , oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of different length hydrocarbon molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is filtration used to separate?

A

Insoluble solids from liquids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How can filtration be used in purification?

A

Solid impurities in a reaction mixture can be separated out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Insoluble

A

Can’t be dissolved in a liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Briefly describe the process of filtration.

A

Filter paper is folded into a cone shape and placed into a filter funnel.

This is positioned over a beaker.

A mixture of liquids and insoluble solids is poured into the filter funnel.

The solid is left in the filter paper and the liquid will pass through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does filtration work?

A

The filter paper has tiny holes in it. These are large enough to let small molecules and dissolved ions through, but not the much larger particles of undissolved solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is evaporation used to separate?

A

Soluble solids from solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is crystallisation used to separate?

A

Soluble solids from solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

If a solid is dissolvable, it’s called what?

A

A soluble solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Evaporation steps 1 and 2

A

1- Pour the solution into an evaporating dish and gently heat over a bunsen burner/in a water bath.

2.The solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Evaporation steps 3 and 4

A

3-Eventually, crystals will start to form.

4- Keep heating the evaporating dish until all you have left are dry crystals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

For evaporation, what apparatus can be used instead of a Bunsen burner to heat a solution?

A

-A water bath

-An electric heater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Evaporation positive

A

It’s a really quick way of separating a soluble salt from a solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Evaporation negative

A

You can only use it if the salt doesn’t decompose when it’s heated.

Otherwise, you have to use crystallisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which method produces bigger crystals: evaporation or crystallisation?

A

Crystallisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Crystallisation steps 1 and 2

A

1- Pour the solution into an evaporating dish and gently heat over a bunsen burner/in a water bath.

2.The solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated.

47
Q

Crystallisation step 3

A

3- Remove the dish from the heat once some of the solvent has evaporated, or when you see crystals start to form.

Leave the solution to cool.

48
Q

What is ‘the point of crystallisation’?

A

When you can see crystals start to form.

49
Q

Crystallisation steps 4 and 5

A

4- The salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold and highly concentrated solution.

5-Filter the crystals out of the solution, and leave them in a warm place to dry.

50
Q

For crystallisation, what apparatus can be used instead of a ‘warm place’ so that the crystals can dry?

A

-A drying oven

-A desiccator

51
Q

What is rock salt?

A

A mixture of salt and sand.

52
Q

Similarities between salt and sand.

A

They are both compounds.

53
Q

Differences in physical properties of salt and sand.

A

Salt dissolves in water but sand doesn’t.

54
Q

Why might we grind rock salt?

A

To make the salt crystals small so that they will dissolve easily.

(This is step 1 in separating rock salt. )

55
Q

Separating rock salt step 2

A

2- Put the mixture in water and stir. The salt will dissolve, but the sand won’t.

56
Q

Separating rock salt step 3

A

3- Filter the mixture. The grains of sand won’t fit through the tiny holes in the filter paper, so they collect on the paper.

The salt passes through the paper as it’s part of the solution.

57
Q

Separating rock salt step 4

A

4- Evaporate the water from the salt so that it forms dry crystals.

For larger crystals. use crystallisation.

58
Q

What properties will a mixture of iron powder and sulfur powder have?

A

It will have the properties of both iron and sulfur:

-Grey magnetic bits of iron
-Bright yellow bits of sulfur

59
Q

What is distillation used to separate?

A

A liquid from a solution.

60
Q

What is the problem with simple distillation?

A

It can only be used to separate liquids with very different boiling points.

If the temperature goes higher than the boiling point of the substance with the higher boiling point, they will mix again.

61
Q

What is fractional distillation used to separate?

A

A mixture of liquids (even with similar boiling points).

62
Q

Briefly describe the process of simple distillation.

A

A solution is heated. The part of the solution with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.

The vapour is then cooled in a condenser and condenses. It is collected in a beaker.

The rest of the solution is left behind in the flask.

63
Q

When explaining/describing methods of separating mixtures…

A

DRAW ANNOTATED DIAGRAMS!

64
Q

Simple distillation example

A

You can use simple distillation to get pure water from seawater.

The water evaporates and is condensed and collected.

Eventually you’ll end up with just the salt left in the flask.

65
Q

Fractional distillation steps 1 and 2

A

1- Put your mixture into a flask and place a fractionating column on top. Heat.

2-The different liquids will all have different boiling points so will evaporate at different temperatures.

66
Q

Fractional distillation steps 3 and 4

A

3- The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.

When the temperature on the thermometer matches the boiling point of this liquid , the liquid will reach the top of the column.

4-The vapour is then cooled in a condenser and condenses. It is collected in a beaker.

67
Q

Fractional distillation step 5

A

5- At the same time, liquids with higher boiling points may also start to evaporate.

However, the fractionating column is cooler towards the top.

This means that they will only get part of the way up before condensing and running back down towards the flask.

68
Q

Fractional distillation step 6 (final step)

A

6 - Once the first liquid has been collected, you raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top.

69
Q

Give an example of a mixture separated using fractional distillation

A

Crude oil

70
Q

In fractional distillation, what are the separated substances called?

A

Fractions

71
Q

What are the subatomic particles found in an atom?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

72
Q

What is the relative electrical charge of a proton?

A

+1

73
Q

What is the relative electrical charge of a neutron?

A

0

74
Q

What is the relative electrical charge of an electron?

A

-1

74
Q

What is the overall electric charge of an atom?

A

Atoms have no overall electric charge.

75
Q

In an atom, the number of electrons is equal to what?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus.

76
Q

What does the atomic number of an element tell us?

A

The number of protons in one atom of that element.

77
Q

What differs between atoms of different elements?

A

The number of protons.

(This determines what the element is).

78
Q

All atoms of a particular element have what in common?

A

They have the same number of
protons.

79
Q

How large are atoms.

A

Very small, about 1 x 10 -10 m

80
Q

0.1 nm in standard form (in m).

A

1 x 10⁻¹⁰ m

81
Q

How large is the radius of an atom’s nucleus?

A

1 x 10⁻¹⁴ m

(less than 1/10 000 of that of the atom)

82
Q

Where is almost all of the mass of an atom concentrated?

A

In the nucleus.

83
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

84
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

85
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

Very small

86
Q

What does the mass number show?

A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom.

87
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

88
Q

Which is the top number on your periodic table: mass or atomic number?

A

Mass number (think massive as it’s always the larger number).

89
Q

How do we calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

Mass number - Atomic number

90
Q

Which is the atomic number on your periodic table: the top or bottom number?

A

The bottom one.

91
Q

1nm in standard form

A

1 x 10⁻⁹ m

92
Q

What is the charge of a nucleus?

A

Positive

93
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons.

94
Q

Why do ions have an overall charge?

A

The number of protons doesn’t equal the number of electrons.

95
Q

Why do charges cancel out in an atom?

A

The charge on the electrons is the same size as the charge on the protons, but opposite - so the charges cancel out.

96
Q

What factor determines the size of an atom?

A

The volume of electron orbits.

97
Q

What do electrons do? (normally)

A

Orbit the nucleus of an atom in electron shells.

98
Q

Pb is the shorthand for what in chemistry?

A

Lead

99
Q

Give an example of a pair of isotopes.

A

Carbon-12 and Carbon-13.

Carbon-12 has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons.

Carbon-13 has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 7 neutrons.

100
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

A

An average mass that takes account of the different masses and abundances of the isotopes of an element.

101
Q

What is the formula for relative atomic mass?

A

Ar =

∑(isotope abundance x isotope mass number)

÷

sum of abundances of all the isotopes

102
Q

The electrons in an atom occupy what?

A

The lowest available energy levels
(innermost available shells, closest to the nucleus).

103
Q

The electronic structure of an atom is known as what?

A

The electronic configuration.

104
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the first electron shell?

A

2

105
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the second, third, fourth etc. electron shell?

A

8

106
Q

The electronic structure of an atom can
be represented by what?

A
  • numbers
    -a diagram
107
Q

What is the electronic structure of sodium?

A

2, 8, 1

108
Q

Why do atoms react?

A

To gain a full outer shell of electrons and become stable.

109
Q

In which direction do we draw the crosses on electron configuration diagrams?

A

Clockwise from North.

110
Q

What is the aim of the separating mixtures practical?

A

To produce a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble oxide or carbonate.

111
Q

What is the symbol equation for the reaction of Copper (II) Oxide and sulfuric acid? (rp)

A

CuO (s) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → CuSO₄ (aq) + H₂O (l)

112
Q

What is copper (II) oxide?

A

A black powder (that forms blue ions)

113
Q

Metal oxides are…

A

insoluble bases

114
Q

How may we remove excess copper (II) sulfate from copper sulfate solution?

A

Filtration

115
Q

What colour are copper (II) sulfate crystals?

A

Bright blue

(rhombus shaped)

Chemistry (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions