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Chemistry Paper 1 > Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table > Flashcards

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an element?

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance

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2
Q

what is a compound?

A

a compound contains two or more different elements that have been chemically combined in a fixed proportion

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3
Q

how do you separate a compound?

A

use a chemical reaction

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4
Q

what is a mixture?

A

different elements or compounds not chemically combined together

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5
Q

how do you separate a mixture?

A

we use physical separation techniques rather than chemical reactions

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6
Q

what is a molecule?

A

a molecule has any elements chemically joined

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7
Q

what is filtration used for?

A

filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

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8
Q

how does filtration work?

A

pour the mixture into the filter paper, and the liquid will pass through the filter paper leaving the solid in the funnel.

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9
Q

what is crystallisation used for?

A

crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid

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10
Q

how does crystallisation work?

A

you leave the solution for a few days, and the water evaporates the liquid leaving you with solid crystals

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11
Q

how could you speed up crystallisation?

A

gently heat the solution. make sure heat doesn’t affect the chemical.

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12
Q

what is simple distillation?

A

used to separate a liquid from a solid if we want to keep the liquid

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13
Q

how does simple distillation work?

A

start by heating the solution, as the liquid heats, it evaporates and becomes a vapour. the vapour rises up the tube and passes into the condenser. the vapour now condenses due to the cold temperature, and then is collected in a beaker. so the solids are left in the flask being heated, and the liquid is left in the beaker.

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14
Q

what is fractional distillation?

A

separation of a mixture containing different liquids, (the liquids must have different boiling points)

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15
Q

how does fractional distillation work?

A

lower boiling point chemical gets stuck in the fractional column and builds up. when the thermometer reaches the lower boiling point, t goes into the condenser and turns back into the liquid.
same with the higher boiling point, it just happens after the lower.

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16
Q

what is chromatography?

A

allows us to separate substances based on their different solubilities.

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17
Q

how does chromatography work?

A

draw a pencil line on some chromatography paper.
put a dot of colour on the line, and do the same with the other colour.
place the paper into a solvent and wait for the solvent to make its way up the paper. when it reaches the colours, it takes them up the paper with it.
if there is more than one colour on the paper it is not a single, pure substance.

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18
Q

what is the plum-pudding model?

A

suggested an atom is a ball of positive charge with electrons embedded with it.

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19
Q

describe the alpha-scattering experiment.

A

scientists fired alpha particles at the incredibly thin gold foil. they noticed that most of the alpha particles passed straight through, but sometimes the particle would deflect and change direction, or it would sometimes bounce off of the foil.

20
Q

what is the nuclear model?

A

positive nucleus (containing protons & neutrons) surrounded by electron energy levels

21
Q

radius of an atom?

A

0.1nm / (1x10^-10m)

22
Q

radius of nucleus?

A

1x10^-14m

23
Q

what is the relative charge of:
- a proton
- a neutron
- a electron

A

proton: + 1
neutron: 0
electron: -1

24
Q

what is the relative mass of:
- a proton
- a neutron
- a electron

A

proton: 1
neutron: 1
electron: very small

25
Q

why do atoms have no overall charge?

A

because the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons

26
Q

how do you tell what the atomic mass is?

A

its the larger number

27
Q

how do you tell what the atomic mass is?

A

its the larger number

28
Q

how do you tell what the atomic number is?

A

its the lower number

29
Q

how do you work out the number of neutrons?

A

atomic number - atomic mass

30
Q

what is an isotope?

A

isotopes are atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons

31
Q

what are ions?

A

atoms that have an overall charge. they have either gained or lost an electron.
+ ions = lost electrons
- ions = gained electrons

32
Q

what is relative atomic mass?

A

it is the average of the mass numbers of the different isotopes.

33
Q

how do you work out the relative atomic mass?

A

ram = (mass number of iso 1 x abundance of iso 1) + (mass number of iso 2 x abundance of iso 2) all over /100

34
Q

how many electrons can each shell hold?

A

shell 1: 2
shell 2: 8
shell 3: 8
shell 4: 18

35
Q

how do you write how many electrons are in this element?
7 - Li - 3

A

electrons = [2, 1]

36
Q

how can you tell what group an element is in based off of its electrons?
7 - Li - 3

A

the amount of electrons in the last shell will be what group it is in.
for example, Li is [2, 1] so the group would be 1.

37
Q

how can you tell what group an element is in based off of its electrons?
7 - Li - 3

A

the number of electrons in the last shell will be what group it is in.
for example, Li is [2, 1] so the group would be 1.

38
Q

why are group 0 elements so unreactive?

A

because they all have a full outer shell

39
Q

how does the boiling point of the elements in group 0 vary?

A

as you go down the group it, the boiling point becomes lower.

40
Q

how do metals react to form positive ions?

A

when metals react they lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

40
Q

how do metals react to form positive ions?

A

when metals react they lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

41
Q

how do group 1 metals react with oxygen, chlorine and water?

A

all group 1 metals react rapidly with oxygen chlorine and water as we move down the group.
moving down group 1, the outer electron is easier to lose

42
Q

how do the melting points and boiling points of elements in group 7 vary?

A

as you go down the group, they increase.

43
Q

what happens when a group 7 element reacts with a metal?

A

the element gains one electron and forms a -1 ion.

44
Q

what happens to the reactivity of elements in group 7 as you move down?

A

the elements get less reactive

Chemistry Paper 1 (1 decks)

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