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CHEMISTRY > ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC TABLE > Flashcards

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC TABLE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons/electrons

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2
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Elements that have the same number of protons but different number of nuetrons

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4
Q

How do you work out the relative atomic mass for an element with isotopes?

A

sum of each (isotope abundance x isotope mass number) / sum of abundances of all the isotopes

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5
Q

What are compounds?

A

Substances formed from two or more elements

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6
Q

What is filtration?

A

Separating insoluble solids from liquids

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7
Q

What is evapouration?

A

Pour solution (containing soluble solid) on an evaporating basin
Slowly heat

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8
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

Pour solution (containing soluble solid) into an evaporating dish
Slowly heat
Remove dish from heat and cool till crystals form
Filter crystals from solution then dry

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9
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

Used for separating a liquid from a solution

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10
Q

How does simple distillation work?

A

Solution is heated
Whatever has the lowest boiling point will evaporate first
Vapour is then cooled and condenses and collected
The rest is left behind in the flask

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11
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Used to separate a mixture of liquids

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12
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

A fractional column is placed on top of the flask
Lowest boiling point is collected first when at the top of the flask it reaches that temp
Others may start to evaporate but it is cooler at the top so they will condense down again

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13
Q

What is the history of the atom?

A

Plum pudding model (John Dalton)
Nuclear model (Rutherford)
Bohr’s nuclear model

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14
Q

What does the plum pudding model show?

A

A ball of positive charge with electrons stuck in it

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15
Q

What does the nuclear model show?

A

Positively charged nucleus with a cloud of negative electrons

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16
Q

How were elements arranged in the periodic table in the early 1800s?

A

In order of atomic mass

17
Q

What can metals do?

A

Form positive ions when they react

18
Q

Why is it hard for non-metals to form positive ions?

A

Either they have too many electrons to lose or they are closer to the nucleus so feel strong attraction

19
Q

What are some properties of metals?

A

Strong
Conduct electricity and heat
High boiling and melting points

20
Q

What are some properties of transitional metals?

A

They can have more than one ion
Coloured
Make good catalysts

21
Q

What are the properties of alkali metals?

A

Group 1 (1 electron in outer shell)
Soft
Low density
Very reactive
Increases reactivity as you go down the group

22
Q

What happens when group 1 metals react with oxygen?

A

They form metal oxides

23
Q

What happens when group 1 metals react with water?

A

They form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen

24
Q

What happens when group 1 metals react with chlorine?

A

They form metal chloride salts

25
Q

What are the differences between group 1 metals and transitional metals?

A

Group 1 metals are much more reactive
Less strong/dense/hard
Lower boiling points

26
Q

What are halogens?

A

They are in group 7 and are non-metals with coloured vapours

27
Q

What colour is fluorine as a gas?

A

Yellow

28
Q

What colour is chlorine as a gas?

A

Green

29
Q

What colour is bromine as a liquid?

A

Red-brown

30
Q

What colour is iodine as a vapour?

A

Purple

31
Q

What happens as you go down group 7 (halogens)?

A

Less reactive
Higher melting/boiling point
Higher relative atomic mass

32
Q

How can halogens form molecular compounds?

A

They share electrons with a non-metal (covalent bonding) to get a full outer shell and form simple molecular structures

33
Q

What happens when halogens bond with metals?

A

1- ions are formed called halides (form ionic structures)

34
Q

What can happen in displacement reactions with halogens?

A

The more reactive halogen will replace the less reactive one in the salt

35
Q

What are the gases in group 0 called?

A

Noble gases

36
Q

What are the properties of noble gases?

A

They have full outer shells
Not reactive
Non-flammable
Colourless gas at room temp

37
Q

What happens as you go down group 0 (noble gases)?

A

Boiling points increase

38
Q

What is the pattern called in chromotography?

A

A chromatogram

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