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RO32 ILT GFE Foundational Topics > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is specific ionization

A

The number of ion-pairs formed per centimeter traveled in a given material

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2
Q

Ionization that occurs by removing electrons as it passes by atoms which eventually slows the particle down describes what kind of particle

A

Alpha particle

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3
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

Non-stable nuclei that emit a neutron

A

Neutron emission

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4
Q

Removing an electron from orbit is called

A

Ionization

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5
Q

Define Radioactive decay constant

A

The probability per unit tie that an atom of a specific nuclide will decay

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6
Q

What is the charge of an electron

A

Negative (-1)

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7
Q

Define Curie

A

A measure of radioactive decay equal to the number of disintegrations that one gram of radium-226 undergoes in one second (3.7E10 dps)

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8
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

A nuclei having excess protons that captures an inner orbit electron

A

Electron capture

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9
Q

What is the approximate atomic mass (in amu) of a proton

A

~ 1 amu

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10
Q

Uranium with an isotope concentration less than its natural value

A

Depleted uranium

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11
Q

Electromagnetic radiation similar to an x-ray that has no mass and no charge. Attenuated by photo-electric effect, Compton scattering, and pair-production

A

Gamma emission

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12
Q

Define nuclide

A

Atoms containing a unique combination of protons and neutrons

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13
Q

Describe the principle of conservation of mass and energy

A

The sum of mass plus the sum of energy cannot change

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14
Q

What is the charge of a neutron

A

Neutral

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15
Q

Ionization that occurs from collisions with orbiting electrons which eventually slows the particle down describes what kind of particle

A

Beta particle

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16
Q

Define isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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17
Q

Describe the principle of conservation of momentum

A

Momentum cannot be created or destroyed

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18
Q

A stable nuclide in the Chart of the Nuclides is what color

A

Gray

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19
Q

Nuclides in the upper right corner of the line of stability undergo what type of decay

A

Alpha decay

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20
Q

Define activity

A

Rate of decay of a sample

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21
Q

Define mass defect

A

The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of masses of its parts (protons, neutrons, and electrons)

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22
Q

Where are neutrons located

A

In the nucleus

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23
Q

Uranium with an isotope concentration greater than its natural value

A

Enriched uranium

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24
Q

Gamma emission can be shielded by:

A
  • Several feet of concrete or water
  • A few inches of lead
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25
Q

Where are electrons located

A

Orbiting around the nucleus

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26
Q

Define atomic weight

A

The average weight of all isotopes of an element

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27
Q

A strong attractive force between all nucleons

A

Nuclear Force

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28
Q

Nuclides above and to the left of the line of stability undergo what type of decay

A

Beta-plus

29
Q

A weak attractive force that acts between all nucleons

A

Gravitational Force

30
Q

Define binding energy

A

Amount of energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (equals the mass defect)

31
Q

Nuclides below and to the right of the line of stability undergo what type of decay

A

Beta-minus

32
Q

An alpha particle can be shielded by:

A
  • Centimeters of air
  • A sheet of paper
33
Q

What is the charge of a proton

A

Positive (+1)

34
Q

Define atom percent

A

The percentage of atoms of an element that are of a particular isotope

35
Q

Where are protons located

A

In the nucleus

36
Q

Neutron emission can be shielded by:

A

12 inches of water

37
Q

Decay that moves down one and to the right one on the Chart of Nuclides is

A

Beta-plus

38
Q

A {blank} ray comes from the nucleus

A

Gamma Ray

39
Q

Define radioactivity

A

The spontaneous emission of particles or gamma radiation

40
Q

Define weight percent

A

Percentage weight of an element that is a particular isotope

41
Q

What is the conversion between half-life and decay constant

A

Decay Constant = 0.693/half-life

42
Q

What is radioactive equilibrium

A

When the decay and production rates of a nuclide are equal

43
Q

What is secular radioactive equilibrium

A

When a parent has an extremely long half-life each descendant builds to an equilibrium with decay rates equal to the original parent

44
Q

Describe the principle of conservation of charge

A

Charge cannot be created or destroyed.

45
Q

Define mass number

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in a nucleus

46
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

A neutron is converted to a proton increasing the number of protons but leaving the mass unchanged

A

Beta-minus decay

47
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

When gamma interacts with an electron moving it outward from the nucleus but eventually moves back to its original orbit emitting x-ray

A

Internal conversions

48
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

A proton is converted to a neutron leaving the mass unchanged

A

Beta-plus decay (positron)

49
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

An unstable nucleus ejects a particle containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

A

Alpha decay

50
Q

What is the approximate atomic mass (in amu) of a neutron

A

~ 1 amu

51
Q

A {blank} ray comes from electrons

A

X-Ray

52
Q

Define Becquerel

A

The SI unit of radioactive decay equal to 1 dps

53
Q

Define atomic number

A

The number of protons in a nucleus

54
Q

What is the difference between charged and uncharged particles with regards to ionization

A
  • Charged particles directly ionize.
  • Uncharged particles only cause ionization indirectly
55
Q

Decay that drops two spots and moves to the left two spots on the Chart of Nuclides is

A

Alpha decay

56
Q

Decay that moves up one and to the left one on the Chart of Nuclides is

A

Beta-minus

57
Q

Define radioactive half-life

A

The amount of time for activity to decrease to one half of its original value

58
Q

Describe how the neutron to proton ratio affects an nuclides stability

A

The line of stability (ratio of neutrons to protons) increases nearly linearly as you increase AMU

59
Q

A strong repulsive force between like charged particles

A

Electrostatic Force

60
Q

A short lived and quickly attenuated particle due to interactions with negatively charged electrons is a

A

Positron

61
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

A nucleus in an excited state attempts to reach a ground state. Usually occurs after a particle emission.

A

Isomeric transition

62
Q

The following is a description of what kind of decay:

High energy radiation from the nucleus resulting in the nuclide reaching the ground state

A

Gamma ray emission

63
Q

Describe neutrinos

A

The amount of energy that is lost during decay that ensures the conservation of energy and momentum

64
Q

A beta particle can be shielded by:

A

Thin sheet of metal

65
Q

What is the approximate atomic mass (in amu) of an electron

A

~ 1/1835 amu

66
Q

An unstable nuclide in the Chart of the Nuclides is what color

A

Any color other than Gray

67
Q

Attenuated by elastic scatter, inelastic scatter, and absorption

A

Neutron emission

68
Q

The amount of energy that results from the conversion of 1 amu to energy

A

931.5 MeV

69
Q

Describe the principle of conservation of mass number

A

In a reaction there cannot be a net change in the number of nucleons

RO32 ILT GFE Foundational Topics (12 decks)

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