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Chemistry (Triple) > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are compounds?

A

A compound is two or more different elements combined together.

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2
Q

What is the smallest piece of an element that can exist?

A

An atom

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3
Q

What compound is formed by combining sodium and oxygen

A

Na2O Sodium Oxide

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4
Q

What are the key features of chemical reactions?

A
  • Compounds are broken up or formed
  • At least one new substance is created
  • measurable energy change
  • No atoms are created or destroyed
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5
Q

Which side of the chemical equation are products and reactants?

A

Reactants - Left
Products - Right

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6
Q

What is the balanced equation for sodium oxide?

A

4Na + O2 -> 2Na2O

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7
Q

What are the two types of chemical reaction?

A

Word equations
Symbol equations

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8
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for sodium chloride?

A

2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl

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9
Q

What are mixtures?

A

Mixtures are made up of two or more substances (elements or compounds) that haven’t been chemically combined.

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10
Q

Why can mixtures be separated?

A

Their chemical properties don’t change because they have been mixed with another substance.

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11
Q

What is air a mixture of?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

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12
Q

What are the three separation techniques?

A

1) Chromatography
2) Crystallisation
3) Filtration

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13
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Chromatography separates solutions with a number of different solutes (solids) in a solvent (liquid).

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14
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtration is a technique that separates mixtures that contain insoluble (cannot dissolve) solids and liquids (which are soluble).

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15
Q

How does filtration work?

A

Filtration is performed by pouring the mixture through the filter paper, as the insoluble solid is trapped by filter paper, and the liquid runs through and is collected below.

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16
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

Crystallisation separates solutions into their different parts: dissolved solids (solutes) and liquids (solvents).

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17
Q

How does crystallisation work?

A

Crystallisation is performed by heating the mixture so the solvent evaporates.

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18
Q

What are the two types of distillation?

A

1) Simple distillation
2) Fractional distillation

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19
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

Simple distillation separates two 2 liquids with different boiling points.

Simple distillation can also separate a solute from a solvent when the solvent has a lower boiling point than the solute.

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20
Q

How does simple distillation work?

A

The mixture is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point starts to boil.

The vapour released passes through a condenser, where gas cools back into a liquid.

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21
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Fractional distillation is used for separating lots of liquids with different boiling points.

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22
Q

Who created the plum pudding model?

A

J.J Thomson

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23
Q

Why was it called the plum pudding model?

A

There was a ball of positive charge (dough) with negatively charged electrons (currants in pudding) which were mixed together.

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24
Q

What did J.J Thomson discover?

A

Electrons

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25
Q

What did Rutherford discover?

A

That alpha particles could balance back off atoms.

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26
Q

What was Rutherford’s conclusion?

A

That an atom’s mass is concentrated in the atom’s centre, called the nucleus and it contained positively charged particles called protons.

27
Q

What did Niels Bohr discover?

A

That electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed distances

28
Q

What did James Chadwick discover?

A

That some particles in the nucleus had no charge at call - neutrons.

29
Q

What are the charges of protons, electrons and neutrons?

A

P = +1
E = -1
N = 0

30
Q

Why do atoms have no overall electric charge?

A

As electrons equals the number of protons (protons = atomic number)

31
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

1 x 10-¹⁰ m 0.1 nanometers

32
Q

What is the relative mass of protons, neutrons and electrons

A

Protons = 1
Neutrons = 1
Electrons = Close to 0

33
Q

What is the relative mass number?

A

Number of protons + neutrons

34
Q

What is the mass number and atomic number for Sodium (Na)?

A

Mass number = 23
Atomic number = 11

35
Q

What are the three different isotopes of hydrogen?

A

Protium, deuterium and tritium

36
Q

How do you calculate relative atomic masses (Ar)?

A

Sum of (isotope abundance × isotope mass number) ÷ sum of (isotope abundance)

37
Q

What is electron configuration?

A

Electron configuration tells us how an atom’s electrons are organised

38
Q

What are rows in the Periodic Table called?

A

Periods

39
Q

What are columns in the Periodic Table called?

A

Groups

40
Q

How was Newlands’ Periodic Table arranged?

A

It was ordered by the mass of the element

41
Q

What did Mendeleev recognise in the periodic table?

A

That there may have been undiscovered elements. He predicted the properties and masses of the undiscovered elements.

42
Q

What discovery proved Mendeleev’s periodic table to be correct and Newlands’ to be wrong?

A

The discovery of protons and isotopes

43
Q

Where are metals, non metals and transition metals found in the periodic table?

A

Metals - Left side
Non metals - Right side
Transition metals - In the middle

44
Q

What happens when metals react?

A

They lose 1 or more negatively charged electron to form positively charged ions.

45
Q

What are the three properties of metals?

A

1) Metals have high melting/boiling points
2) Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat.
3) Metals are all solids (except mecury) at room temperature.

46
Q

What happens when non-metals react?

A

They gain electrons to form negatively charged ions
Or share electrons to form neutral molecules.

47
Q

What are the three properties of non-metals?

A

1) Non-metal have a lower boiling/melting point than metals
2) Non-metals are often found as gases.
3) Non-Metals generally do not conduct heat or electricity.

48
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.

49
Q

Why are group 0 elements unreactive?

A

Because they have a full outer electron shell.

50
Q

What is the name for group 0 elements?

A

Noble Gases

51
Q

Name 2 properties of noble gases.

A

Noble gases have low boiling points (increase going down the table).

Low density (increase going down the table).

52
Q

What is the name for group 7 elements?

A

Halogens

53
Q

Why are halogens very reactive?

A

They have 7 electrons in their outer shell, so they can easily accept an electron into the outer shell.

54
Q

What happens to the halogens reactivity down the periodic table?

A

They become less reactive, as the distance between outer shell and nucleus increases.

55
Q

What happens when a metal atom transfers its outer electric to a non-metal atom?

A

Salts are formed.

56
Q

What are molecules made of pairs of atoms called?

A

Diatomic molecules

57
Q

What are single atoms in noble gases called?

A

Monatomic atoms

58
Q

Where are alkali metals found on the periodic table?

A

Group 1

59
Q

What happens to the reactivity of alkali metals down the table?

A

They are more reactive.

60
Q

What are alkali metals called when reacted with water/chlorides/oxides?

A

Metal hydroxides
Metal chlorides
Metal oxides

61
Q

What are 4 properties of transition metals?

A

1) Higher melting points
2) Higher density
3) They are less reactive (than alkali metals).
4) Are stronger and harder (than alkali metals).

62
Q

What are the three special properties of transition metals?

A

1) Often used as catalysts.
2) Can form different colour compounds.
3) Can form ions with different positive charges.

63
Q

What happens when an alkali reacts with water?

A

The metal floats on the surface

Enough energy is released to melt the metal

Chemistry (Triple) (7 decks)

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