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Chemistry > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Dalton’s model of the atom?

A

Billiard Ball
- all atoms of the same element have the same mass and are the same
- tiny
- indivisible

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2
Q

What was JJ Thompson’s model of the atom?

A

Plum Pudding
- discovered the electron
- negatively charged electrons floating in a ‘sea’ of positive charge

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3
Q

What was Rutherford’s model of the atom?

A
  • discovered the nucleus
  • holds most of the mass in a tiny centre with positive charge
  • lots of empty space
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4
Q

How did Rutherford prove his model?

A

Gold foil experiment
- shooting alpha particles at some gold foil and seeing how many particles deflect and where they go

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5
Q

What was Bohr’s model of the atom?

A
  • discovered energy shells
  • each shell is fixed and has a fixed energy level
  • electromagnetic radiation is either absorbed or emitted when an electron moves shell
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6
Q

What was Chadwick’s model of the atom?

A
  • discovered the neutron
  • a sub-atomic particle with neutral charge that is in the nucleus
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7
Q

what is the charge on a proton?

A

+ 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹

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8
Q

what is the charge on neutron?

A

0

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9
Q

what is the charge on an electron?

A
  • 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹
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10
Q

what is the mass (kg) of a proton?

A

1.67 x 10⁻²⁷

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11
Q

what is the mass (kg) of a neutron?

A

1.67 x 10⁻²⁷

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12
Q

what is the mass (kg) of an electron?

A

9.11 x 10⁻³¹

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13
Q

what is the relative masses of p, n and e?

A

p = +1
n = +1
e = 1/1836

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14
Q

what is the relative charges of p, n and e?

A

p = +1
n = 0
e = -1

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15
Q

what is an isotope?

A

atoms of the same element, which therefore have the same number of protons and electrons, but have a different number of neutrons

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16
Q

what is relative atomic mass (Ar)?

A

the average mass of an atom of an element compared to the 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 isotope

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17
Q

how to calculate Ar?

A

(isotope mass x %abundance) / 100

18
Q

how to calculate Mr?

A

(mass1 x y) + (mass2 x (100 - y)) / 100

e.g. (203 x y) + (205 x (100 - y)) / 100
y = 30

19
Q

what is relative molecular mass (Mr)?

A

the average mass of a molecule relative to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

20
Q

how can you measure the mass and abundance of each isotope in an element (Ar) or to find the relative molecular mass of a substance?

A

Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer

21
Q

what are the 5 phases of mass spectrometry?

A
  1. ionisation
  2. acceleration
  3. ion drift
  4. detection
  5. data analysis
22
Q

what are the two methods of ionisation (mass spectrometry)?

A
  1. electrospray - particles gain a proton
    X(g) + H⁺ -> XH⁺(g)
  2. electron bombardment - an electron is knocked off
    X(g) -> X⁺(g) + e⁻
23
Q

which method of ionisation is better for larger particles?

A

electrospray

24
Q

which method of ionisation is better for smaller particles?

A

electron bombardment

25
Q

how does the acceleration phase of mass spectrometry work?

A

an electric field accelerates ions so that they all have the same Ke

26
Q

what happens during the ion drift phase of mass spectrometry work?

A

ions enter a region with no electric field, which is also a vacuum
- lighter ions travel faster than heavier ions

27
Q

what happens during the ion detection phase of mass spectrometry work?

A
  • ions reach the detector
  • gain electrons from negative plate
  • causes a current to flow
  • the more ions of the same mass - the larger the current
  • current is proportional to abundance
28
Q

what happens during the data analysis phase of mass spectrometry work?

A

flight times and size of current are analyised and recorded as a mass spectrum - mass/charge vs relative abundance

29
Q

Ke = …

A

Ke = 1/2 m v²

v = d/t

30
Q

what are the proper names for shells?

A

principal energy levels

31
Q

what are principal energy levels split up into?

A

sub-shells
s, p, d, f

32
Q

what are sub-shells split up into?

A

orbitals

33
Q

how many electrons can each orbital hold?

A

2

34
Q

what are s-sub-shells consisting of?

A

1s orbitals - 2 e

35
Q

what are p-sub-shells consisting of?

A

3p orbitals - 6e

36
Q

what are d-sub-shells consisting of?

A

5d orbitals - 10e

37
Q

what are f-sub-shells consisting of?

A

7f orbitals - 14e

38
Q

1 sub-level consists of?

A

1 x s = 2e

39
Q

2 sub-levels consists of?

A

1 x s = 2e
3 x p = 6e

8e total

40
Q

3 sub-levels consists of?

A

1 x s = 2e
3 x p = 6e
5 x d = 10e

18e total

41
Q

4 sub-levels consists of?

A

1 x s = 2e
3 x p = 6e
5 x d = 10e
7 x f = 14e

32e total

42
Q

what is the order of the orbitals in terms of energy levels?

A

1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 4d , 4f

Chemistry (1 decks)

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