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GCSE CCEA Physics Unit 1 > Atomic and Nuclear Physics > Flashcards

Atomic and Nuclear Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

The smallest part of an element that can exist on its own

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2
Q

Charge

A

The property that causes electrical effects

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3
Q

Plum pudding model 🧁

A

Negative electrons spread throughout the atom like currents in a bun - positive charge that we spread throughout the atom 🧁

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4
Q

Observations for Rutherford nuclear experiment

A
  • most of the particles went straight through the foil
  • A few alpha particles were slightly deflected
  • Some were deflected through very large angles
  • 1 in 8000 were “back scattered”
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5
Q

radioactivity

A

radioactivity is the process that occurs when alpha particles, beta particles or gamma waves are emitted from an unstable nucleus

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6
Q

alpha particles

A

the helium nuclei containing two protons and two neutrons which are emitted by radioactive nuclei

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7
Q

beta particles

A

beta particles are fast-moving electrons emitted by radioactive nuclei

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8
Q

gamma radiation

A

gamma radiation is a high-energy electromagnetic wave emitted by radioactive nuclei

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9
Q

Nature of alpha particle

A

Each particle is two protons, and two neutrons nucleus of helium – 4

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10
Q

Source of alpha particles

A

A radioactive nucleus

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11
Q

Relative charge of an alpha particle compared with charge on proton

A

+2

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12
Q

Mass of alpha particle compared with beta

A

High

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13
Q

Speed of alpha particle

A

Up to 0.1 x speed of light

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14
Q

Ionising effect of alpha particle

A

Strong 💪

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15
Q

Penetrating effect of alpha particle

A

Very low penetrating power, stopped by a few cms of air or thin tissue paper

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16
Q

Nature of beta particle

A

A fast electron

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17
Q

Source of beta particle

A

A radioactive nucleus

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18
Q

Beta particle relative charge compared with the charge on a proton

A

–1

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19
Q

Beta particle mass

A

Low

20
Q

Speed of beta particle

A

Around 10% the speed of light

21
Q

Ionising effect of beta particle

A

Weak

22
Q

Penetrating Effect of beta particle

A

Penetrating but stopped by a few millimetres of aluminium or other metal

23
Q

Nature of Gamma rays

A

Very high-energy electromagnetic waves

24
Q

Source of gamma rays

A

A radioactive nucleus

25
Q

Relative charge of gamma rays compared to charge on proton

A

0

26
Q

Mass of gamma rays

A

0

27
Q

Speed of gamma rays

A

Speed of light

28
Q

Ionising effect of gamma rays

A

Very weak

29
Q

Penetrating effect of gamma rays

A

Very .Never completely stopped although lead and thick concrete will reduce intensity

30
Q

Background activity

A

Comes from natural sources, e.g cosmic rays from space, rocks and soil

31
Q

How is radioactive material passed along the food chain?

A

Living things and plants absorb radioactive material from the soil, which are than passed along the food chain

32
Q

How does human behaviour add to background activity?

A
  • Medical x-rays 🩻
  • radioactive waste from nuclear power plants ☢️ 🌱
  • radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing 🕳️ 🏃‍♀️
33
Q

Background radiation

A

All natural sources of radiation

34
Q

Examples of background radiation

A
  • Inside our bodies 🫁
  • Radioactive elements in Food, potassium 🍌
  • certain rocks contain uranium
  • Cosmic rays
35
Q

What are all isotopes of uranium?

A

Radioactive

36
Q

What do all isotopes of uranium decay to give?

A

Radon, a radioactive gas

37
Q

Nuclear fission

A

The process of uranium nucleus absorbing a slow electron, and then splitting to produce two or more lighter nuclei and several neutrons together with a vast quantity of energy

38
Q

What causes nuclear fission?

A

Are you uranium nucleus is struck by a slow neutron

39
Q

Controlled nuclear fission

A

Steps are taken a nuclear power stations to ensure that on average, just one of the fission neutrons goes on to produce further fission

40
Q

What can nuclear energy do?

A

Produces vast amounts of energy/electricity

41
Q

How does nuclear energy not contribute to global warming?

A

Produces very little CO2

42
Q

What produces the “base-load” for national electricity generation?

A

Nuclear energy

43
Q

What is a high- density source of energy?

A

Nuclear energy

44
Q

What provides employment opportunities for many people?

A

Nuclear energy

45
Q

What are many nations planning on building?

A

More nuclear reactors 🏭

GCSE CCEA Physics Unit 1 (6 decks)

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