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Physics > atomic and nuclear > Flashcards

atomic and nuclear Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes up an atom

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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2
Q

what is in the nuclease

A

protons and neutrons

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3
Q

what is found in the outer shell

A

electrons

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4
Q

relative mass of a proton

A

1

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5
Q

relative mass of a neutron

A

1

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6
Q

relative mass of an electron

A

1/1840

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7
Q

relative charge of a proton

A

+1

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8
Q

relative charge of a neutron

A

0

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9
Q

relative charge of an electron

A

-1

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10
Q

what is the mass number

A

this gives the number of proton + neutrons in nucleus

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11
Q

what is the atomic number

A

this gives the number of proton in the nucleus

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12
Q

what is an isotope

A

isotope of an element has the same atomic number but different mass number.

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13
Q

what is radioactive

A

a material is said to be radioactive if its nucleus becomes unstable and disintegrates randomly and spontaneously emitting alpha, beta and gamma radiation.

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14
Q

what are the three types of radiation emitted from an unstable nuclei

A

alpha radiation (α)
beta radiation (β)
gamma radiation (γ)

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15
Q

where in an atom is radioactivity released from

A

all radioactive emissions are emitted from the nucleus of an atom

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16
Q

what is an alpha particles (α)

A

a helium nucleus - contains 2 protons, 2 neutrons
positive charge of +2 (from protons)
heavy - mass of 4u (protons and neutron both have mass 1u)
big (compared to β particle)

17
Q

what is an beta particles (β)

A

a fast moving electron
negative charge of -1
negligible mass (1/1840 u)
very small (compared to α particle)

18
Q

what is gamma particles (γ)

A

electromagnetic wave
no charge
no mass

19
Q

how far can a alpha particles travel

A

alpha particles are stopped by a this sheet or skin

20
Q

how far can a beta particles travel

A

beta particles are stopped by a shin sheet of aluminium

21
Q

how far can a gamma ray travel

A

gamma ray are stopped by a block of lead

22
Q

what is background radiation

A

the natural radiation that we are exposed to every day

23
Q

equation for calculating corrected count rate

A

corrected count rate = measured count rate - background count rate

24
Q

what are some natural sources of background radiation

A

comic rays from space
foods like banana and oysters
radon gas
natural radioactive material in rocks and bricks

25
Q

what are some human behaviour which adds to background radiation

A

medical sources (x-rays)
flights
radioactive waste from nuclear power stations
radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing

26
Q

what is ionisation

A

ionisation occurs when an atom gains or loses an electron leaving the atom changed

27
Q

is alpha radiation dangerous

A

alpha radiation is not as dangerous if the radioactive source, is outside the body, because it cannot pass through the skin and is unlikely to reach cells inside the body;

alpha radiation will damage cells if the radioactive source has been breathed in or swallowed;

28
Q

is beta radiation dangerous

A

beta and gamma radiation can penetrate the skin and cause damage to cells

29
Q

is gamma radiation dangerous

A

beta and gamma radiation can penetrate the skin and cause damage to cells

30
Q

how to protect yourself when handling radioactive sources

A
  • wearing protective clothing
  • keeping the source as far away as possible by using tongs
  • being exposed to the source for as short a time as possible
  • keeping radioactive materials in lead-lined containers
31
Q

what can radiation cause to your health over repeated radiation

A

it can cause cancer

32
Q

what is half life

A

the time it takes for half of radioactive sample to decay

33
Q

what happens in a nuclear fission process

A

a large heavy nucleus absorbs a neutron making it unstable and then it disintegrates and splits onto two smaller, lighter nuclei and releases two or three neutron that go on to cause more fission reaction then energy is released.

34
Q

what is a chain reaction

A

a chain reaction occurs when a single fission reaction produces neutrons which go on to cause more fission reactions, leading to a self-propagating series of reactions.

35
Q

what is decommissioning

A

decommissioning occurs when a nuclear power station comes to the and of its useful life
all radiation waste and materials are removed and the site is returned to its pre-nuclear state.

36
Q

describe nuclear fusion in simple terms

A

2 small, light nuclei (typically isotopes of hydrogen) combine/join to form a larger, more stable nuclei (such as helium) energy is released in this process.

37
Q

how much more times of energy is released when fusing nuclei compared to nuclear fission per kg

A

4 times

38
Q

how much more times of energy is released when fusing nuclei compared to chemicals such as oil, coal or gas per kg

A

4 million times

Physics (6 decks)

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