Atmosphere Flashcards
5 Layers of the Atmosphere (inner to outer)
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere
Composition of Air
78% N2
21% O2
1% Ar, CO2, H2O, others
contaminaiton of atmosphere by wastes from different sources
air pollution
earlies record of air pollution
Ancient Rome
Types of air pollutants
primary and secondary
what type of pollutants are these: PM SOx NOx COx VOCs
primary pollutants
examples of secondary pollutants
ammonium sulfate H2SO4 ammonium nitrate nitric acid O3
sources of air pollution
area
mobile
stationary
What is the biggest source of CO
transportation
what is the biggest source of SO2
electricity
what is the greatest source of NO2
transportation
unsa na PM ang dust
PM 10
PM 2.5 ang soot
PM 50-70 hair
PM 90 sand
airborne/suspended liquid and solid particles
particulates
natural soures of particulates
volcanic eruptions and large forest fires
man-made sources of particulates
burning fossil fuels, forest fires, industrial emissions, chemical rxns, incinerators
health effects of particulates
blocks air passages in lungs
poisonous
produces secondary pollutants
reduces visibility
2 types of smog
photochemical
industrial
How is photochemical smog produced
NO and VOCs interact with UV, O2, H2O(g) to form hazy clouds of secondary pollutants
chemical reaction of production of NO during fuel combustion
N2(g) + O2(g) -> 2 NO(g)
chemical reaction for the production of nitric acid
2 NO2 + H2O -> HNO2 + HNO3
Reaction of NO2 to form ozone
NO.2 + H2O -> (UV-A) NO. + O
O + O2 -> O3
the smog produced from oil or coal combustion
industrial smog
chemical reaction for formation of sulfuric acid from SO2
2 SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3
SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4
What indoor pollutants are present in house cleaners
bleach, NAOH, HCl
where does NOx come from (indoors)
unvented gas stove
what indoor pollutants come from dirty airconditioner/heater ducts
fungi and bacteria
Where does CO come from (indoors)
faulty furnace/ car exhaust
what air pollutant is produced by paint thinners
methylene chloride
radioactive pollutant from rocks under the house
Ra-222
where foes formaldehyde come from (indoors)
furniture, carpeting, foam insultion
air pollutant produced by mothballs and air fresheners
paradichlorobenzene
where does tetrachloroethylene come from
dry-cleaning fluid
T/F: pollutant concentrations are typically larger outside than inside the household
F
What ar ethe global effects of air pollution
acid precipitation
ozone depletion
global warming
T/F normal precipitation is neutral
F, because of CO2 forming carbonic acid with water
pH range of acid rain
3.5-6.0
Effects of acid rain
increases acidity of lakes, destroys aquatic life
leeches nutrients from soils
readily dissolves toxic metals in soils
increases rate of corrosion of stuff
chemical reaction for corrosion of calcium carbonate by acid rain
CaCO3 + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
chemical rxn for corrosion of iron by acid rain
Fe + H2SO4 -> FeSO4 + H2
it is the sudden runoff of large amounts of highly acidic water into lakes and streams when snow melts in the spring or when heavy rains follow a drought
acid shock
when was tha hole in the ozone layer discovered
early 1980s
elements responsible for destroying O3
Cl and F
long cylinders of ice that are drilled and removed from deep within a polar ice sheet
ice cores
natural air pollution controls
precipitation
removal of CO2 by biological activity and the cold oceans
Pollution prevention and control devices
dust collector/baghouse
spray tower scrubber
discharged electrodes
gas coming out of chimneys after combustion
fuel gases
how to remove SOx from fuel gases
fuel substitution
desulfurization
removal during combustion
wet flue gas desulfurization
concept of wet flue gas desulfurization
the glue combustion gas reacts with limestonr, MhOH, or others to form a reusable or throwaway product
chemical reaction for limestone slurry in capturing SO2
CaCO3 + SO2 -> CaSO3 + CO2
CaSO3 + 1/2 O2 + H2O -> CaSO4-H2O
Chemical reaction for MgOH slurry in capturing SO2
Mg(OH2) slurry + SO2 -> MgSO3 + H2O
MgSO3 + 1/2 O2 -> MgSO4
how to remove NOx from fuel gases
fuel modification, low N
combustion modification
removal of NOx in flue gas (flue gas deNOx-ization lol)
Chemical rxn for flue gas de-NOx-ization
4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2 -> 4 N2 + 6 H2O
6 NO2 + 8 NH3 -> 7 N2 + 12 H2O
catalyzed by Titanium and Silicon
