ATL Flashcards
What are the three types of holding entries?
Direct, parallel, teardrop
What is the standard holding pattern time below 14k? Above 14k?
Below, 1 minute. Above, 1.5 minutes.
What are the speed restrictions in Class B?
250 knots.
Below Class B or in Class C or D, 200 knots.
What are the Part 91 VFR takeoff minimums?
1000 ft and 3 miles
What are the Part 121 VFR takeoff minimums?
1000 feet and 1 mile day. 1000 feet and 2 miles night.
What is balanced field length?
Where accelerate stop distance and accelerate go distance is the same. Field length where the distance to accelerate and stop is equal to the t/o distance of an a/c experiencing an engine failure at the critical engine failure recognition speed (V1).
Define V1.
Decision speed. Engine failure below this speed abort. Above this speed continue takeoff.
Define Vr.
Rotation speed. Recommended speed to start applying back pressure on the yoke.
Define V2.
Takeoff safety speed. Also best climb gradient speed with the most critical engine inop. Minimum speed to be maintained until at least 400 ft AGL
Define Vmcg
Min speed necessary to maintain directional control following an engine failure during the T/O roll while still on the ground (without nosewheel steering)
Define Vmca
Min control speed with critical engine inop out of ground effect in the air. Most critical eng inop and windmilling, 5 degrees bank toward operative engine, takeoff power on good eng, gear up, flaps up; most rearward CG
Where is icing usually encountered?
In visible moisture between 5 C and -20C or colder
What is considered known icing?
Any mention of icing conditions during a weather brief
When is an AIRMET issued for icing?
At the first indication of moderate ice
When is a SIGMET issued for icing?
For areas of severe icing
What is rule #1 of ice in regards to takeoff?
Takeoff clean with no ice, snow or frost on the aircraft
How can ice be avoided vertically in flight?
By avoiding the freezing level 3000ft below, 8000ft above or clear of clouds
Where is 90% of ice encountered?
Within a 3000 ft vertical area
How does icing affect the aircraft?
Ice adds weight, increases drag, cruise speed drops, stall speed increases and fuel consumption increases dramatically
What is a collection of very small, supercooled water droplets that freeze on contact?
Rime ice. Milky or opaque associated with stratus clouds and relatively smooth air.
What is a collection of large, close to freezing droplets that flow back across the wing before freezing that is hard, glossy and heavy?
Clear ice. Associated w/ large cumulus clouds and turbulence.
What indicates warmer temperatures above?
Freezing rain
Where can freezing rain typically be located?
Ahead of a winter warm front or slowly moving cold front
What is usually the most severe type of icing?
Freezing rain
What indicates freezing rain at higher altitudes?
Ice pellets
What is holdover time?
estimated length of time fluid will prevent accumulation. Begins when final application starts and ends when it loses its effectiveness.
Define a wet runway
Any runway that is not dry
What is not authorized on a wet runway?
LAHSO operations
When should you not takeoff on a contaminated runway?
When standing water, slush or wet snow is greater than half an inch
When is the runway surface considered cluttered?
Standing water 1/8 in or greater, dry snow 1 in or greater, wet snow 1/4 inch or greater and slush 1/8 in or greater
What is SLOP?
Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures are common for North Atlantic Ocean (NAT) track system. All reports made based on ATC cleared track versus offset. Your choice of either centerline, 1NM or 2NM right of centerline.
How does the FAA define a stabilized approach?
Pilot establishes and maintains a constant angle glide path towards a predetermined point on the landing rwy.
As an example, what is Emirates definition of a stabilized approach?
All briefing and checklist items actioned, a/c is in planned landing configuration, a/c is on correct flight path, and a/c speed not > final approach speed +10 and no < Vref.
What is minimum fuel?
advisory that an emergency is possible should any undue delay occur. Does not imply need for traffic priority.
What is emergency fuel?
The point at which, in the judgement of PIC it is necessary to proceed directly to the airport of intended landing due to low fuel. Explicit statement that priority handling by ATC is required and expected.
What are the basic lost comm procecures?
remember AVEF MEA Route : Assigned, vectored, expected or filed. Altitude: higher of Minimum IFT alt (think MSA, MOCA, etc), expected, assigned. Squawk 7600
What is a hotspot?
hot spot is defined as a location on an airport movement area with a history or potential risk of collision or rwy incursion and where heightened attention by pilots and drivers is necessary.
What are the weather requirements for LAHSO?
1000 ft and 3 miles vis
What is CRM?
Crew Resource Management- a set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects. Used for improving aviation safety and focuses on interpersonal communication, leadership and decision making in aircraft cockpits.
What is TEM?
Threat and Error Management- overarching safety concept regarding aviation operations and human performance.
How is threat defined?
Threats- events or errors that occur beyond the influence of the aircrew. Increases operational complexity and which must be managed to maintain the margins of safety.
How are errors defined?
Errors- actions or inactions by the aircrew that lead to deviations from organizational or operational intentions or expectations.
What is transition level?
The lowest flt lvl available for use above the transition altitude.
What is transition altitude?
The alt at or below which the vertical postion of an a/c is controlled by reference to altitudes. A published height above sea level at which pilots, climbing to their cruising level change their barometric altimeter from regional pressure setting to international standard setting
What are the domestic IFR fuel requirements?
Fly to destination, shoot and approach go on to the (most distant) alternate and fly after that for 45 minutes at normal cruise.
What are the international fuel requirements (flag jet)?
fly to and land at airport to which released. Then, fly for a period of 10% additional time above. Then, fly and land at most distant airport specified in flt release. Then, to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1500 ft above airport under std temp conditions. If alt not specified, must have additional 2 hours at normal cruising fuel consumption.
What are the circling speeds for a Class A aircraft?
TERPS 90
ICAO 100
What are the circling speeds for a Class B aircraft?
TERPS 120
ICAO 135
What are the circling speeds for a Class C aircraft?
TERPS 140
ICAO 180
What are the circling speeds for a Class D aircraft?
TERPS 165
ICAO 205
What color are the runway edge lights?
White. Last 2000 ft or halfway is yellow
How far apart are the runway edge lights?
200 feet
What color are the runway centerline lights?
White until the last 3000 feet. Alt red and white for next 2,000 ft and are red for last 1k ft
How far apart are the centerline lights?
50 ft intervals
How far apart are taxiway lights?
normally 200 ft apart on straight aways. 100 ft apart if on single edges
Where does the TDLZ extend to?
3k ft or midpoint of runway
What lights indicate LAHSO?
row of pulsing white lights
What is RWSL
rwy status light system. Monitors rwy and provides rwy entrance lights (REL) and T/O Hold lights (THL)
What does V2 gaurantee?
35 ft above threshold dry and 15 feet above threshold wet
What is factored runway distance?
Actual landing distance X 1.67 dry or X 1.97 wet (to account for the 15% additional rwy requirement).
When do you have positive rate of climb?
Both altimeter and VSI
What are four segments of T/O climb?
Liftoff, gear up to 400 ft, level accel to flap ret and climb speed, 400-1500 climb until clear of obstacle
Define critical engine
Engine that, in the event of failure, would most adversely affect the performance or handling abilities of an a/c.
How does an a/c turn?
Losing horizontal component of lift on one side
Define coffin corner?
Point at which the flight envelope boundary defined by a high incidence stall intersects with that defined by the critical mach number. In other words, a/c has climbed to an altitude where speed differential between the onset of low speed stall buffet and the onset of high speed mach buffet approaches zero.
Might get an EP where you are min fuel and told to go around?
Go around
What to do if a door light comes on enroute?
Follow checklists, move FA and pax away from door, start descent, change pressurization to higher cabin alt.
If on a STAR and hear descend via?
Comply with alt altitude and speed restrictions
Who jointly shares success w/ PIC for success and safety of flight?
Dispatcher
Where is 00 N 180W
somewhere in Pacific Ocean. 180W is International Dateline
What alt for one pilot to war oxygen mask?
Part 121 FL 410
Where is Prime Meridian?
Goes through Greenwhich England
How many lines of latitude between equator and North Pole?
90
How many miles between lines of latitude?
60 nm
Obstacle Clearance Height for MOCA?
kft mountainous, 1.5kft if terrain 3-5kft or 1000 ft everywhere else.
Where is RVSM airspace?
290-410
On ground what can the discrepancy on the altimeter be between Capt and FO? In air?
75 feet ground, 200 air (in rvsm must check every hour on the hour)
When is mayday called?
Life threatening. International distress signal, indicates imminent and grave danger and immediate assistance is requested. Absolute priority over all other communications and commands radio silence.
When is pan called?
urgent situation. International urgency signal, indicates uncertainty or alert and warns other stations not to interfere with urgency transmissions. Urgency communications have priority over all other communications except distress.
What is CAVOK?
5kft and 10Km or 6 SM vis. No CB or TCU and no cloud below 5kft or MSA (whichever is >) No significant wx at or in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
How long is a tempo issued?
30 mins, not to exceed an hour
What do you do if you hear Terrain Terrain in your current a/c?
King Air- 1. Autopilot off 2. Wing level 3. Power- max allowable 4. Pitch increase- initial pitch 20-25 degrees up and adjust to avoid buffet or stall warning until reaching 125 KIAS 5. Gear and Flaps up 6. Continue climb until terrain clearance is assured.
What does $ in a METAR mean?
in automation means maintenance required.
What does A02 in a METAR mean?
has precip sensor
What does A01 in a METAR mean?
no precip sensor
Describe a High Level Significant wx prognostic chart
FL 250-630, 24 hour forecast, no icing or clouds but CBs are depicted.
What does XXX in a high level prog chart indicate?
CB starts below 25k ft
How is turbulence depicted on high level prog chart?
Yellow dashed lines and intensity
What does a double hatch on a jet stream indicate?
A change of 20 knots more in speed
How far out does MSA go?
25 NM
If wx goes below minimums and you are outside FAF?
Can not continue
Inside FAF?
Can continue
When can you continue below DH?
Approach lights insight can go to 100 ft above TDZE, then must have landing environment in sight
What to do if trying to depart and wx is below landing mins?
I need T/O alt, Is rwy legal? Is a/c approved for lower t/o mins? Is it in my Op Specs? Have we been trained? For Atlas the lowest they can do is 5-5-5.
When is a point on a STAR compulsory?
When shaded in
Solve a time and distance problem. You need to descend from 30k to 20k on a 3 degree
0k ft X 3 = 30 NM plus some buffer (either 10% or whatever you like) say 35 NM
T01941067?
First 0 indicates positive so 19.4 is temperature. Then 1 is negative so dewpoint is -6.7
May a/c be fueled with pax onboard?
No
What is used in conjunction with SIDS and RNAV SIDS to reduce phraseology by eliminating the need for the controlled to restate restrictions at the remaining waypoints and fixes along the departure?
“Climb via”
Climb via is clearance for the pilots to navigate how?
navigate laterally and vertically at the pilots discretion so as to comply with airspeed and altitude restrictions published as a SID
If assigned a SID, what altitude must a pilot comply with that may not be given by ATC?
the top altitude. May differ between runways, must reference the SID publication
Does a filed or expected altitude affect a SID?
No, unless communications are lost
What altitude should a pilot be at if vectored off route to another waypoint and there is not an assigned altitude at that waypoint?
ATC will provide an altitude
What must you have to accept a SID or a STAR?
A description of the procedure
On a Jepp chart, what numbers identify a SID? Star?
• A SID is identified with a -3, a STAR or profile descent is identified with a -2
What is a SID named for?
the last common point in the departure prior to the transitions
What is considered a standard climb gradient?
200’ per NM with 35’ clearance at the end of the runway
What do bold lines on a SID indicate?
Bold lines on the chart indicate primary departure route lines
What do dashed lines on a SID indicate?
Dashed lines are used to connect the SID to transition routes. Enroute airways or jet routes.
What does a line of arrowheads indicate?
Radar vectoring
When will a lost comms box be present on the chart?
When the procedures differ from part 91
What is a published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment
A max authorized altitude (MAA) assures adequate reception of navigation symbols
Where can you find a MAA?
will be above MEA on chart and designated as MAA
Based on an approach chart, when is DME required?
When DME is included in the procedure name
How can you tell a straight in approach is not applicable on an approach plate?
The app is identified with a letter and only circling mins are provided
What is the highest usable landing surface on the airport?
Airport elevation
What is the difference between airport elevation and touchdown zone elevation?
TDZE is the highest elevation in the first 3000 feet
What does the MSA provide?
1000 feet of obstacle clearance
What is the standard radius of MSA?
25 nm, a different distance will be noted otherwise
When might the MSA be based on a waypoint instead of a VOR?
Sometimes on RNAV approaches, usually designated as the MAWP
Is the MSA the same for each approach at an airport?
No, because it will be based on different points or nav aids
What is the effective time for an effective date on an approach plate?
After 0901Z
What is the symbol for an NDB
concentric dotted circles
What is the symbol for a VOR?
compass rose
What is the symbol for a TACAN or DME?
serrated circle
What is the symbol for a VOR/DME?
compass rose and serrated circle combined
What is the symbol for LOC/ILS/SDF/LDA?
half feathered arrow
What is the symbol for an ILS backcourse?
half solid arrow
What does it mean when a nav information box is shadowed?
it is part of the final approach segment
What does it mean if there is a D in the nav information box?
the facility is capable of DME
What does it mean if there is a T in the VOR information box?
The VOR is a terminal class facility. H is high, L is Low
What does a plus or minus symbol mean next to an obstacle on an approach chart?
The obstacle has not been accurately surveyed
What will point to the highest reference point in the plan view?
A bold arrow
When will terrain information be displayed in the plan view?
When terrain exceeds 4000 feet above the airport elevation, or 2000 feet if with 6nm
What does a solid line on the final approach segment indicate?
The course for a precision approach
What does a dashed line on the final approach segment indicate?
The course for a non precision approach
What are the heights given on the final approach segment in?
MSL, they are bold and above the line. The smaller number below is AGL
What is the height of the glideslope antenna above the threshold if still on the glideslope?
Threshold crossing height (TCH)
Do non precision approaches list TCH?
No
What indicates where you may begin a normal descent from the MDA if the runway environment is in sight?
Visual Descent Point (VDP)
What distances relate to the corresponding category speeds?
A= 1.3 B= 1.5 C= 1.7 D= 2.3
Where is a precision app DA based on?
Height above the TDZ
Where is a non precision MDA based on?
Airport surface
When are straight in mins not included on the approach plate?
When the final app course is not aligned within 30 degrees of the runway or when an excessive rate of descent is required
When does the term “radar required” appear in an app chart?
When there is no way to navigate from the enroute structure to any initial fix without the aid of a controller
What does a white bar across the end of a runway on a chart depict?
A displaced threshold
What is the centerpoint of an airport which is located at the geometric center from all the runways?
Airport Reference Point (ARP)
What is a circle with a solid black star?
Airport identification beacon
What does EMAS mean?
Engineered materials or arresting systems
When are takeoff alternates required?
When the weather conditions are below the landing minimums
What are the takeoff alternates for an aircraft with two engines?
not more than one hour from the dep airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inop
What are the takeoff alternates requirements for an airport for an aircraft with three engines?
not more than 2 hours from the dep airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inop
When is a landing alternate not required domestically?
1 hour before to 1 hour after, ceiling at least 2000 ft, vis at least 3 SM
When is a landing alternate not required (flag)?
o Flight is not scheduled for more than 6 hours, and for at least 1 hour before and 1 hour after the ETA, the weather reports are:
At least 1500 above lowest circling MDA (if circling is required)
At least 1500 above the lowest pub IAP or 2000 above airport elevation, whichever is greater
Vis is at least 3 miles or 2 miles more than the lowest applicable vis mins
o Or the flight is over a route approved without an available alternate for a particular destination and the aircraft has enough fuel to meet the reqs of 121.641(b) or 121.645(c)
What is the atmospheric pressure setting will cause the alt to read zero when at the reference datum of the airfield
QFE
What is the constant atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of 29.92 used for expressing flight levels
QNE
What is the atmospheric pressure setting which will cause the alt to read altitudes referenced to MSL
QNH
What is an area beyond the takeoff runway within which terrain or fixed obstacles may not extend above specified limits?
Clearway
What is applicable only to a non prec app with no FAF where the ac is established inbound on the final app course from the procedure turn and where the final app descent may be commenced?
Final approach point
What is an alt derived by Jepp or State Authorities that provides terrain and man made structure clearance within the section outlined by lat/long lines. Does not provide for signal coverage
Grid MORA
What are the clearance limits for Grid MORA?
o Clears all terrain and man made structures by 1000 feet when the highest elevations are 5000 or lower and non mountainous
o Clears all terrain and man made structures by 2000 feet when the highest elevations are 5001 or higher and mountainous
What are the standard mins for ILS Cat 1?
200 feet and RVR 18
What are the standard mins for ILS Cat 2?
100 feet and RVR 12
What are the mins for ILS Cat 3?
o A- RVR 7
o B – RVR 150 feet
o C – no restrictions
What is the lowest pub alt between radio fixes that meets obstacle clearance and assures acceptable signal coverage
MEA
What is the lowest pub alt between radio fixes that meets obstacle clearance and assures acceptable signal coverage within 22 NM of VOR
MOCA
What is obstruction clearance 10 nm either side of the route centerline including a 10nm radius beyond the radio fix reporting
MORA
What is a statement of nav position accuracy necessary for operation within a defined airspace. Is performance based and not dependent on a specific piece of equipment.
RNP
What is a containment value expressed as a distance in nm from the intended position within which flights would be for at least 95 percent of the total flying time
RNP Type
What is a defined rectangular area at the end of the take off run in which the aircraft can be stopped in case of abort
Stop way
What provides guidance and control for information and advice necessary for pilots or drivers to find their way on the airport when RVR is 1200 or less (low vis operations)
Surface movement guidance and control system (SMGCS)
How is the primary airport for an arrival identified?
The airport is a shaded gray area
How are other airports which are served by an arrival around the primary airport identified?
Blue text
What is sometimes found under the arrival name in the top right corner?
Specified qualifying statement
What does “T” after an altitude on a segment denote?
MOCA
What are the speed restrictions of 14 CFR 91.117?
o Below 10000, 250 kts
o At or below 2500 within 4 nm of primary class c or D airport, 200 knots
o Under class b, 200 knots
o Exceptions apply if the minimum safe airspeed for any particular operation is greater than the maximum speed stated above. There is no need to notify ATC when the speed limit is exceeded for this reason
What does a pilot do when initially given a speed restriction and then cleared for a STAR descent?
When there are no upcoming speed restrictions, issuance of a “proceed direct (WP name), descend via…” cancels a previously issued speed adjustment and authorizes speed at pilot’s discretion for the appropriate phase of flight
What happens to speed if vectored off a STAR segment where published speed applies?
the published speed is cancelled and speed is at pilot’s discretion unless ATC has assigned a speed
Why is there a speed limit?
Traffic avoidance and bird strike risk
What are the holding speed limits 6000 MSL and below?
200 knots
What are the holding speed limits 6001-14000?
230 knots
What are the holding speed limits above 14001?
265 knots
What is the speed limit in Class E airspace?
250 knots below 10k MSL
What is the speed limit in Class G?
250 knots below 10k MSL
What does - mean in a METAR?
Light
What means moderate in a METAR?
There is no symbol
What does + mean in a METAR
Heavy
What does VC mean in a METAR?
In the vicinity
MI
Shallow
PR
Partial
BC
Patches
DR
Low drifting
BL
Blowing
SH
Showers
TS
Thunderstorm
FZ
Freezing
DZ
Drizzle
RA
Rain
SN
Snow
SG
Snow grains
IC
Ice
PE
Ice pellets
GR
Hail
GS
Small Hail
UP
Unknown precip
BR
Mist
FG
Fog
FU
Smoke
VA
Volcanic Ash
DU
Widespread dust
SA
Sand
HZ
Haze
PY
Spray
PO
Well developed dust/sand swirls
SQ
Squalls
FC
Funnel Cloud/Tornado/Water spout
SS
Sandstorm/Dust storm
CIG007V013
ceiling was variable between 700 and 1300 feet
SLP177
indicates the sea-level pressure in millibars (1017.7 mb).
P0015
is the hourly liquid precipitation (in hundredths of an inch). In this case, 0.15 inches of rain fell in the hour ending at 12Z.
60056
represents the three- or six-hour liquid precipitation (in hundredths of an inch). In this case, 0.56 inches of rain fell in the six-hour period ending at 12Z. for the record, six-hour totals appear at 00Z, 06z, 12Z and 18Z. Three-hour totals appear at 03Z, 09Z, 15Z and 21Z. 60000 translates to a trace of liquid precipitation during the three- or six-hour period.
70066
indicates the total 24-hour liquid precipitation ending at 12Z (in hundredths of an inch). In this case, 0.66 inches fell at Concord from 12Z on May 12 to 12Z on May 13
T00890072
indicates the hourly temperature and dew point to the nearest tenth of a degree Celsius. The “0” after the “T” indicates that the temperature and dew point are higher than 0 degrees Celsius (a “1” will follow the “T” when the dew point temperature and /or the temperature is / are less than 0 degrees Celsius). In this case, the 12Z temperature at Concord was 8.9 degrees Celsius and the dew point was 7.2 degrees Celsius
10094
represents the highest temperature, in tenths of a degree Celsius, during the six-hour period ending at 12Z (in this case). If the digit following the “1” is a “0”, then the temperature is higher than 0 degrees Celsius. So the highest temperature at Concord between 06Z and 12Z on May 13, 2006, was 9.4 degrees Celsius.
20089
indicates the lowest temperature during the six-hour period ending at 12Z (in this case). If the digit following the “2” is a “0”, then the temperature is higher than 0 degrees Celsius. the lowest temperature at Concord between 06Z and 12Z on May 13, 2006, was 8.9 degrees Celsius.
53018
indicates the pressure tendency (the “5 group”). The digit following the “5”, which can vary from 0 to 8, describes the behavior of the pressure over the past three hours
Describe how to convert required climb gradient to climb ft/min
If a climb gradient of 200 ft per nautical mile is required and our ground speed in the climb is 90 knots we will need a rate of climb of 300 feet per minute.
90 Nautical Miles Per Hour divided by 60 minutes per hour = 1.5 nautical miles per minute. 1.5 nautical miles per minute times 200 feet per nautical mile = 300 feet per minute.
What are the standard takeoff mins for an aircraft with two engines? three or more?
2 = 1 sm, 3+=1/2 sm
What percentage is ISOL CB?
Less than 1/8th
What percentage is OCNL CB?
1/8 to 4/8
What percentage is FRQ CB?
More than 4/8ths
What does EMBD CB mean?
CB concealed by other cloud layers, haze, dust, etc
In a high level prog, what do XXX below an altitude mean?
The lower layer is below the chart layers (below 250)
What is a yellow dashed line in a prog chart?
Turbulence
What is one carrot in terms of turbulence?
Moderate
What is two carrots in terms of turbulence?
Severe
How are jet streams depicted?
Green line >80 knots
Where are the heights of a jet stream located?
In a box below the green line
What does it mean where there are two additional altitudes below the primary altitude of a jet stream depiction
The core of the jet stream, only depicted when greater than 120 knots
How is the tropopause depicted?
Altitude in a box
What does a L or H in a tropopause box mean?
Center of low or high tropopause
What is the difference between a tropical storm and hurricane?
Tropical storm not a sold circle
How are squall lines depicted?
Red scalloped area with V inside. Indicates lines of CB with 5/8 coverage or greater
How are sandstorms depicted?
S with a line through it, has altitude that shows vertical extent
How are volcanoes depicted?
Fez Hat with the name
Why might an airport have a ground metering frequency?
used to prevent congestion on ramps and taxiways. When ready for push back from the gate, pilots call metering. The metering controller will typically either give them permission to push with a ground frequency to call when ready for taxi, or they will tell them to monitor a particular ground frequency for permission to push. They may even tell the pilots to stay on the gate and call back after a specified delay.
Why is knowing where the tropopause is important?
It indicates where the temperature becomes constant with increasing altitude. This is relevant to performance and fuel calculations.
