ATI TEAS Flashcards
The study of the functions of the human body
Physiology
The study of the parts and structures of the human body
Anatomy
Anatomical plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
Coronal plane
Anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Transverse plane
Anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections
Sagittal plane
Vertical cut that is off-center that separates the left of the specimen from the right in unequal portions
Parasagittal plane
Toward the head end of the body
Superior
Away from the head of the body
Inferior
Back of the body
Dorsal
Front of the body
Ventral
Front
Anterior
Back
Posterior
Structure that is closer
Proximal
Structure that is further away
Distal
The study of the body’s cells
Cytology
The study of the body’s tissues
Histology
The covering that envelopes the cell and acts as a covering
Cell membrane
Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
Cytoplasm
Contains chromosomes and is where DNA/RNA are synthezised and replaced
Cell nucleus
Molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
DNA
Molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses
RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
Powerhouses of the cell, their main function is to generate the energy necessary to power cells
Mitochondria
Dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
Endoplasmatic recticulum
Subcellular organelle that is found in nearly all types of eukaryotic cells and that is responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms
Lysosome
Group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others
Lipid
Cellular machinery responsible for making proteins
Ribosome
Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
Golgi apparatus
Cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells
Meiosis
cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
Mitosis
Cells make up
Tissues
Tissues make up
Organs
Organs make up
Organ systems
Highly cellular tissue that overlies body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
Epithelial tissue
Supports and binds other tissues of the body
Connective tissue
Found around every blood vessel and helps to keep the vessel in place
Loose connective tissue
Tissue that collects and stores fat in the form of triglycerides, for energy metabolism
Adipose tissue
Consist of flexible muscle fibers that range from less than half an inch to just over three inches in diameter
Skeletal muscle tissue
Fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines), except the heart
Smooth muscle tissue
Makes up the thick middle layer of the heart and only exists in the heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network
Nervous tissue
Resilient and smooth type of connective tissue, usually covered by a tough and fibrous membrane called perichondrium
Cartilage
Includes the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx)
Upper respiratory system
Includes the windpipe (trachea) and within the lungs, the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Lower respiratory tract
Two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs
Bronchi
Tubes in the lungs which branch off from the larger bronchi that enter each lung
Bronchioles
Tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
Alveoli
The organs and other parts of your body involved in breathing, when you exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
A flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat
Epiglottis
Lower than normal heart rate, heart rate fewer than 60 beats a minute
Bradycardia
Higher than normal heat rate, heart rate over 100 beats a minute
Tachycardia
The heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
Systole
The heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
Diastole
Top number and refers to the force the heart exerts on the walls of the arteries each time it beats
Systolic blood pressure
Bottom number and refers to the amount of pressure in the arteries while the heart is resting in between heartbeats
Diastolic blood pressure
The outter most layer of the heart, the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane
Pericardium
Middle layer of the heart, found in the walls of all four chambers of the heart, though it is thicker in the ventricles and thinner in the atria
Myocardium
Innermost layer of the heart, the thin, smooth membrane which lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves
Endocardium
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses that allow coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle, allows heart to make nerve impulses
Purkinje fibers
What are the upper chambers of the heart
Right atrium and left atrium, receiving blood into the heart
What are the lower chambers of the heart
Right and left ventricles, pumping blood from the heart
Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Mitral valve
Separates the left ventricle from the aorta
Aortic valve
Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
Left atrium
Pumps oxygenated blood into your aorta and pumped out to the rest of the body
Left ventricle
Receives blood that is deoxygenated from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle
Right atrium
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, the blood is then “refilled” with oxygen in the lungs
Right ventricle
The main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
Aorta
Olfactory #
I
Optic #
II
Oculomotor #
III
Trochlear #
IV
Trigeminal #
V
Facial #
VII
Abducens #
VI
Vestibulocochlear #
VIII
Glossopharyngeal #
IX
Vagus #
X
Accessory #
XI
Hypoglossal #
XII
Olfactory function
Sensory
Optic function
Sensory
Oculomotor function
Motor
Trochlear function
Motor
Trigeminal function
Both
Abducens function
Motor
Facial function
Both
Vestibulocochlear function
Sensory
Glossopharyngeal function
Both
Vagus function
Both
Accessory function
Motor
Hypoglossal function
Motor
Cranial nerve mnemonic
Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah heaven
I, II, III, IV, V, VI, IX, X, XI, XII
Olfactory, optic, Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Cranial nerve function mnemonic
Some say marry money but my brother sats big brains matter more
Sense of smell
Olfactory nerve
Ability to see
Optic nerve
Ability to move and blink your eyes
Oculomotor nerve
Ability to move your eyes up and down or back and forth
Trochlear nerve
Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements
Trigeminal nerve
Ability to move your eyes
Abducens nerve
Facial expressions and sense of taste
Facial nerve
Sense of hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Ability to taste and swallow
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Digestion and heart rate
Vagus nerve
Shoulder and neck muscle movement
Accessory nerve
Ability to move your tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus
Pons
Paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon located near the center of the brain
Thalamus
The bottom stalklike portion of your brain, it connects your brain to your spinal cord
Brainstem
The connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord, carrying multiple important functional centers
Medulla oblongata
Responsible for high-cognitive functions like self-control, memory, and emotional expression. It’s essential for personality and communication abilities
Frontal lobe
Processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory. Believed to play an important role in processing affect/emotions, language, and certain aspects of visual perception
Temporal lobe
Part of the brain containing sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell
Parietal lobe
Responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion
Occipital lobe
Maintains balance, posture, tone of the body coordinate and regulate muscular activity
Cerebellum
An extension of the central nervous system (CNS),
Spinal cord
is made up of the brain and spinal cord:
The brain controls how we think, learn, move, and feel
The spinal cord carries messages back and forth between the brain and the nerves that run throughout the body
Central nervous system
Controls actions that we do by choice (voluntarily), like walking, eating, or playing an instrument
Somatic nervous system
Controls processes that happen automatically (involuntarily), like breathing, digestion, sweating, and shivering
Autonomic nervous system
Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs
Nervous system
Has two parts; autonomic and somatic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Controls your body’s “fight or flight” response-1 of 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger-1 of 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
C1-C7
Cervical vertebrae
T1-T12
Thoracic vertebrae
L1-L5
Lumbar vertebrae
5 Fused
Sacrum
4 Fused
Coccyx
Vertebrae mnemonic
7am breakfast, 12pm lunch, 5pm dinner
Located on either side of the front of the neck just below the angle of the jaw
Carotid pulse
Located between the wrist bone and the tendon on the thumb side of the wrist
Radial pulse
Located at the anterior aspect of the elbow by gently pressing the artery against the underlying bone with the middle and index fingers
Brachial pulse
Located lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon (or medially to the extensor digitorum longus tendon) on the dorsal surface of the foot, distal to the dorsal most prominence of the navicular bone
Dorsalis pedis pulse
Located in the middle portion of the back middle of the knee
Popliteal pulse
Located along the crease midway between the pubic bone and the anterior iliac crest
Femoral pulse
Felt at the temple near the ear
Temporal pulse
Pulse point on your chest at the bottom tip (apex) of your heart, listened to with a stethoscope rather than being palpated
Apical pulse
Located in the arm just below the bend of your elbow and extends through the outer edge of the forearm
Ulnar pulse
Located midway between the medial malleolus and the medial calcaneal tubercle. Draw an imaginary line between the posterior border of the medial malleolus and the Achilles tendon
Posterior tibial pulse
Muscular tube that carries food and liquid from your throat to your stomach
Esophagus
Muscular organ in your upper abdomen, it contracts, relaxes and produces acids that help break down food
Stomach
The first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum
Duodenum
Essential for digesting food and ridding your body of toxic substances
Liver
Holds a digestive fluid called bile that’s released into your small intestine
Gallbladder
Plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells and regulating sugar in the body
Pancreas
The specialized tubular structure between the stomach and the large intestine that absorbs the nutrition from your food
Small intestine
Responsible for processing indigestible food material (chyme) after most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine
Large intestine
The third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum
Ileum
The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.
Jejunum
At the end of your colon and on the other side of your anal canal
Rectum
The opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body
Anus
A small, finger-shaped organ that comes out of the first part of the large intestine
Appendix
The first part of the large intestine, it receives partially digested food from the small intestine and absorbs the water and electrolytes
Ascending colon
Part of the large intestine, it connects the ascending colon to the descending colon
Transverse colon
Part of the large intestine, it connects the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon
Descending colon
Pouch or large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from the small intestine and is considered the first region of the large intestine
Cecum
Exocrine glands that make, modify and secrete saliva into the oral cavity
Salivary glands
The terminal portion of the large intestine before reaching the rectum
Sigmoid colon
