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ATI > ATI Science > Flashcards

ATI Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three body planes?

A

sagittal- left and right
coronal/frontal- anterior posterior
transverse- inferior and superior

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2
Q

the dorsal cavity contains

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

the upper respiratory tract is composed of

A

nose,nostrils,mouth, pharynx,larynx

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4
Q

what is the voice box

A

larynx

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5
Q

the lower respiratory tract consists of what?

A

trachea,bronchi, bronchioles,alveoli, right lung and left lung

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6
Q

how many lobes does each lung have?

A

right has-3
left has- two because of cardiac notch

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7
Q

when you inhale what happens?

A

diaphragm moves down, increasing volume and decreasing pressure. O2 comes in

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8
Q

when you exhale what happens?

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves upward. Volume decreases and pressure increases. CO2 is released

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9
Q

what is boyles law

A

pressure and volume have an inverse relationship

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10
Q

functions of the respiratory system?

A

ph regulation of the blood, thermoregulation,odor detection, production of speech

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11
Q

CO2 makes the blood more what?

A

acidic

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12
Q

After the right atrium where does the blood go?

A

through tricuspid and into right ventricle

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13
Q

the right atrium receives blood from where?

A

it receives oxygen depleted blood from the inferior and superior vena cava.

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14
Q

the blood goes where after the right ventricle?

A

blood goes through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Eventually leading to the pulmonary vein

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15
Q

the left atrium received blood from where?

A

it receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

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16
Q

the blood passes through what valve to go into the left ventricle?

A

the mitral valve

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17
Q

where is the blood pumped to after the left ventricle?

A

to the aortic valve to the aorta and to the rest of the body.

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18
Q

how many layers does the heart have

A

three. pericardium, myocardium (middle layer, responsible for contraction, epicardium

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19
Q

arteries carry what kind of blood and where?

A

they carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

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20
Q

what are capillaries

A

small vessels that connect arterioles to venules, gas and nutrient exchange take place

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21
Q

veins carry what kind of blood and where?

A

oxygen deficient blood away from the heart

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22
Q

veins have what to prevent backflow

A

valves

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23
Q

blood does what?

A

carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes CO2/waste from cells

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24
Q

what is systole?

A

makes the lub sound, blood is being pumped out of heart. Tricuspid and mitral valves close

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25
Q

what is diastole?

A

makes a “dub” sound. Relaxation of the ventricles. Aortic and pulmonic valves close

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26
Q

What is the SA node?

A

primary pacemaker, located in right atrium.beats between 60-100 bpm

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27
Q

What is the AV node?

A

kicks in if SA node fails. Beats between 40-60 bpm

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28
Q

What are the purkinje fibers?

A

last ditch effort. 20-40 bpm

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29
Q

Where does the blood go in the systemic circuit?

A

to and from the entire body

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30
Q

the P wave represents what?

A

atrial depolarization

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31
Q

where does the blood go in the pulmonic system?

A

from the heart to the lungs

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32
Q

the QRS complex represents what?

A

ventricular depolarization

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33
Q

function of cardiovascular system?

A

delivers oxygen and nutrients
maintains blood pressure
regulates body temp
maintain body pH

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34
Q

the mouth does what?

A

incharge of mechanical digestion, coats food withmucus and saliva

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35
Q

amylase and lipase breakdown what?

A

amylase breaks down starches and lipase breaks down lipids

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36
Q

peristalsis occurs where?

A

in the esophagus, involuntary

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37
Q

what happens in the stomach?

A

bolus comes in through lower esophageal sphincter. Chemical digestion occurs. Gastric acid breaks down proteins

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38
Q

the small intestine is the main site for what?

A

digestion and absorption, it has series of folds to increase surface area

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39
Q

the small intestine is composed of what parts?

A

duodenum,jejunum, and ilium

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40
Q

what happens in the large intestine?

A

it absorbs water,electrolytes and vitamins

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41
Q

what are the three parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum,colon (ascending, transverse,decending) rectum

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42
Q

where are feces stored until defacation?

A

rectum

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43
Q

where is bile produced?

A

the liver

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44
Q

what does bile do?

A

emulsifies fats

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45
Q

where is bile stored?

A

in the gallbladder

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46
Q

Gastrin is produced where?

A

produced by the stomach, and stimulates HCL to be released

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47
Q

Cholecystokinin is secreted by what and what does it do?

A

secreted by small intestine, stimulates gallbladder to release bile into duodenum

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48
Q

Secretin is released by what?

A

small intestine, stimulates release of bicarb pancreatic fluid

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49
Q

Insulin is produced by what?

A

Pancreas, regulates blood sugar when it is high

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50
Q

Glucagon is released when?

A

released when sugar levels are low, from the pancreas

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51
Q

Absorption of food and water mainly occurs where?

A

small intestine

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52
Q

the large intestine specializes in absorption of what?

A

water and minerals/vitamins

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53
Q

the nervous system is composed of what two parts?

A

CNS and PNS

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54
Q

the CNS is composed of what?

A

the brain and spinal cord. It gives out orders

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55
Q

The PNS is composed of what?

A

composed of peripheral nerves, connects the control center to the rest of the body

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56
Q

PNS breaks down into what?

A

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system

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57
Q

Somatic nervous system is responsible for what movements?

A

voluntary movements

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58
Q

Autonomic controls what kind of movements?

A

involuntary functions ex. heart rate

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59
Q

Autonomic breaks down into what systems?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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60
Q

What system is responsible for fight or flight

A

sympathetic, rapid response team

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61
Q

Parasympathetic induces what state?

A

rest and digest, slows HR, stimulates digestion

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62
Q

the afferent(sensory) division of PNS brings info to where?

A

to the CNS, “a” for arriving

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63
Q

the efferent(motor) division delivers messages from?

A

CNS to muscles or glands, “e” for exiting

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64
Q

Structure of a neuron consists of what parts?

A

cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath and synapsis

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65
Q

the myelin sheath does what?

A

covers the axon and increases speed of neural impulses

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66
Q

the cerebellum is responsible for what?

A

fine motor movements, balance, coordination

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67
Q

the brain stem is important, why?

A

connects brain to spinal cord, needed for life sustaining functions( HR,BP)

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68
Q

the cerebrum is responsible for what?

A

higher order functioning, thinking, decision making

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69
Q

the axial skeleton is composed of what?

A

bones in the trunk of the body. Skull vertebrae, ribs, sternum,coccyx

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70
Q

the appendicular skeleton is composed of what?

A

bones in the limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet clavicle shoulder blade pelvis

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71
Q

examples of long bones

A

ulna radium humerus femur tibia fibula phalanges

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72
Q

examples of short bones

A

cube shape, carpals and tarsals

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73
Q

examples of flat bones

A

skull ribs sternum scapula hips

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74
Q

example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

75
Q

what is compact bone?

A

hard outer layer of bones, protect and support

76
Q

what is spongey bone?

A

porous and light weight

77
Q

Where are RBC produced?

A

red bone marrow

78
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone builder, helps bones grow

79
Q

What are osteclasts?

A

they dissolve old damaged bone

80
Q

tendons attach what?

A

attaches bone to muscle

81
Q

ligaments attach what?

A

bone to bones

82
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

striated and under voluntary control. Attaches to bone and is responsible for movement

83
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Is striated and involuntary. Primarily found in the heart

84
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

non striated involuntary. Found in organs and vessels

85
Q

what is the thin filament

A

actin

86
Q

what is the thick filament

A

myosin

87
Q

what causes the contraction of muscles?

A

calcium

88
Q

actin anchors to what

A

the z line, separation of sarcomere

89
Q

do the filaments change length when contracting?

A

no, they slide past eachother

90
Q

what are the three parts of the integumentary system?

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

91
Q

what does the epidermis do?

A

provides a waterproof barrier, outermost layer, composed of 4-layers. Come Lets Get Sunburnt

92
Q

what is in the dermis?

A

blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands

93
Q

what are aprocrine sweat glands?

A

they open to hair follicles, located in armpits nipples groin. Produce thick sweat and BO

94
Q

What are eccrine glands?

A

open into a pore on the skin, for temp regulation. Located all over body

95
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

innermost layer, consists of nerve fat and connective tissue. Acts as insulator

96
Q

if the body is too warm what happens w the blood vessels?

A

blood vessels and skin dilate to let out heat and sweat is produced to cool off.

97
Q

the kidneys are responsible for what?

A

filtering blood and producing urine

98
Q

what carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

ureters

99
Q

where is urine stored until secretion?

A

in the bladder

100
Q

what carries the urine to the outside?

A

urethra

101
Q

what is the nephron?

A

the functional unit of the kidney. it removes waste filters blood and reabsorbs water

102
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

it is surrounded by the bowmans Capsule. It is a ball of capillaries that is the site of filtration. it creates a filtrate of urea glucose and salts

103
Q

tubular reabsorption happens where?

A

in the proximal convoluted tubule. water nutrients and electrolytes are reabsorbed

104
Q

what takes blood to glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

105
Q

tubular secretion occurs where?

A

distal convoluted tubule. Helps regulate pH and eliminate waste

106
Q

the loop of henle contains what?

A

high levels of salt

107
Q

the ascending loop of henle absorbs what?

A

ions

107
Q

the descending loop of henle reabsorbs what?

A

water

108
Q

Where does the filtrate go after the distal convoluted tubule?

A

collecting duct

109
Q

Kidneys produce what hormone?

A

erythropoietin, to stimulate production of new RBC

110
Q

the higher concetrnrtration of H
+ ions the _____ the pH?

A

LOWER

111
Q

What is the renin angiotensin aldosterone system?

A

enzyme renin is secreted. Aniotensin 1 produced, then it converts to angiotensin II. This stimulates release of aldosterone.

112
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

“master gland” regulates body functions and controls other endocrine glands

113
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is what

A

stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens. Released by anterior pituitary

114
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

stimulates thyroid to release its hormones. Released by anterior pituitay

115
Q

prolactin

A

targets mammary glands and milk production. Released by anterior pituitary

116
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

Released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates production of sex hormones, stimulates ovulation

117
Q

Follicle stimulating hormones

A

releasted by anterior pituitary, stimulates follicle and egg growth, and sperm maturation

118
Q

oxytocin

A

releasted by posterior pituitary but produced in hypothalamus. Stimulates contractions

119
Q

ADH

A

produced in hypothalamus released in anterior pituitary. Targets kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention

120
Q

what releases melatonin

A

pineal gland

121
Q

Thyroid gland releases what

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin to lower blood calcium

122
Q

the parathyroid gland releases what

A

parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels

123
Q

Thymosin is released by what

A

thymus, stimulated production of T cells

124
Q

Adrenal medulla releases what hormones?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine. It increases HR and blood sugar. Fight or flight

125
Q

the adrenal cortex releases what hormones?

A

androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids

126
Q

testes release what?

A

testosterone, helps sperm and male characteristics develop

127
Q

pancreas releases what when blood sugar is high

A

insulin, produced by beta cells

128
Q

pancreas releases what when blood sugar is low

A

glucagon produced by alpha cella

129
Q

what is a positive feedback loop?

A

process that further amplifies the change ex oxytocin released during childbirth

130
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

process that reverts the change and gets it back to baseline

131
Q

where are the testes housed and what do they do?

A

housed in scrotum & produce sperm/testosterone

132
Q

where does sperm maturation occur/ storing till ejaculation?

A

epididymis

133
Q

what transfers sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles?

A

vas deferens

134
Q

function of the seminal vesicles?

A

sack like structure that produces seminal fluid. Makes up 60% of semen

135
Q

function of the prostate gland?

A

secretions nourish sperm and increase motility

136
Q

the penis is responsible for what?

A

long organ that carries urine and sperm out

137
Q

the penis is composed of what?

A

three layers of tissue, corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

138
Q

Function of the ovaries?

A

produce eggs and hormones

139
Q

the fallopian tubes do what?

A

carry eggs from ovaries to uterus

140
Q

where does the egg implant/ develop

A

uterus

141
Q

implantation occurs in what layer of the uterus?

A

endometrium

142
Q

function of the cervix

A

connects uterus to vagina, it dilates during labor due to head pressure

143
Q

Vagina?

A

long organ, that carries bloos and tissue from uterus during period. Passageway of intercourse

144
Q

the external female genitalia includes what?

A

vulva-labia minora/majora,clitoris and urethra

145
Q

purpose of estrogen?

A

produced by ovaries, helps develop female characteristics & regulate cycle

146
Q

wollfman ducts give rise to?

A

male reproductive system

147
Q

FSH causes what hormone to be produced?

A

estrogen

148
Q

what happens during the follicular phase?

A

FSh stimulates the maturation of the follicle then secretes estrogen. it helps regenerate lining that was shed

149
Q

what happens during ovulation?

A

the second oocyte is released following a surge in LH

150
Q

what happens at puberty?

A

hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone. This triggers LH/FSH which causes female reproductive organs to mature

151
Q

what happens during the luteal phase?

A

formation of corpus luteum with the reminants of the follicle

152
Q

what is a closed fracture?

A

bone breaks but does not puncture through the skin and protrude

153
Q

what is an open fracture?

A

when the bone breaks and the bone protrudes outside of the body

154
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

the bone breaks in multiple areas, often seen in trauma

155
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

part of the bone bends but doesn’t fully break. Most often seen in young children

156
Q

the lymphatic system consists of?

A

the thymus bone marrow tonsils spleen lympatic vessels lymph nodes and lymph

157
Q

lymph is transported in what direction?

A

toward the neck

158
Q

bone marrow and thymus produce what?

A

mature lymphocytes

159
Q

lymph consists of what?

A

white blood cells

160
Q

where do t cells mature?

A

thymus

161
Q

lymohocytes that stay in the bone marrow mature into what?

A

B cells and NK cells

162
Q

immune system is divided into?

A

innate and adaptive defense

163
Q

innate defense is?

A

first line of defense ex skin mucuous membranes, chemical barriers such as low ph lysozomes

164
Q

phagocytes do what?

A

engulf pathogens and destroy

165
Q

adaptive immunity is what?

A

second line of defense, develops over time… encounters w antigen

166
Q

t cells mature where

A

thymus but are produced in bone marrow

167
Q

t cells are apart of?

A

cell mediated immunity,

168
Q

cytotoxic t cells do what?

A

kill infected or abnormal cells

169
Q

memory T cells

A

produced by cytotoxic t cells, respond to subsequent infections

170
Q

Helper T cells

A

help activate other cells in the immune system

171
Q

B cells mature where

A

in the bone marrow

172
Q

b cells are apart of what immunity?

A

humoral mediated immunity

173
Q

B cells differentiate into what?

A

plasma cells and memory b cells

174
Q

what is passive immunity

A

body is exposed to antibodies made by another individual ex breastmilk

175
Q

what is active immunity?

A

body produces own antibodies in response to infection, lasts longer than passive

176
Q

adaptive passive immunity?

A

temp protection from pathogens

177
Q

natural active?

A

through infection

178
Q

periods on the table are?

A

horizontal rows

179
Q

groups on the periodic table are?

A

vertical column

180
Q

metal are situated where on the periodic table?

A

left/ center

181
Q

nonmetals are found where on the periodic table?

A

right side of the periodic table

182
Q

the atomic number reflects what?

A

the number of protons

183
Q

the mass number reflects what?

A

total # of protons and neutrons in an atom

ATI (3 decks)

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