ATI Science Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three body planes?
A
sagittal- left and right
coronal/frontal- anterior posterior
transverse- inferior and superior
2
Q
the dorsal cavity contains
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
the upper respiratory tract is composed of
A
nose,nostrils,mouth, pharynx,larynx
4
Q
what is the voice box
A
larynx
5
Q
the lower respiratory tract consists of what?
A
trachea,bronchi, bronchioles,alveoli, right lung and left lung
6
Q
how many lobes does each lung have?
A
right has-3
left has- two because of cardiac notch
7
Q
when you inhale what happens?
A
diaphragm moves down, increasing volume and decreasing pressure. O2 comes in
8
Q
when you exhale what happens?
A
diaphragm relaxes and moves upward. Volume decreases and pressure increases. CO2 is released
9
Q
what is boyles law
A
pressure and volume have an inverse relationship
10
Q
functions of the respiratory system?
A
ph regulation of the blood, thermoregulation,odor detection, production of speech
11
Q
CO2 makes the blood more what?
A
acidic
12
Q
After the right atrium where does the blood go?
A
through tricuspid and into right ventricle
13
Q
the right atrium receives blood from where?
A
it receives oxygen depleted blood from the inferior and superior vena cava.
14
Q
the blood goes where after the right ventricle?
A
blood goes through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Eventually leading to the pulmonary vein
15
Q
the left atrium received blood from where?
A
it receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
16
Q
the blood passes through what valve to go into the left ventricle?
A
the mitral valve
17
Q
where is the blood pumped to after the left ventricle?
A
to the aortic valve to the aorta and to the rest of the body.
18
Q
how many layers does the heart have
A
three. pericardium, myocardium (middle layer, responsible for contraction, epicardium
19
Q
arteries carry what kind of blood and where?
A
they carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
20
Q
what are capillaries
A
small vessels that connect arterioles to venules, gas and nutrient exchange take place
21
Q
veins carry what kind of blood and where?
A
oxygen deficient blood away from the heart
22
Q
veins have what to prevent backflow
A
valves
23
Q
blood does what?
A
carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes CO2/waste from cells
24
Q
what is systole?
A
makes the lub sound, blood is being pumped out of heart. Tricuspid and mitral valves close
25
what is diastole?
makes a "dub" sound. Relaxation of the ventricles. Aortic and pulmonic valves close
26
What is the SA node?
primary pacemaker, located in right atrium.beats between 60-100 bpm
27
What is the AV node?
kicks in if SA node fails. Beats between 40-60 bpm
28
What are the purkinje fibers?
last ditch effort. 20-40 bpm
29
Where does the blood go in the systemic circuit?
to and from the entire body
30
the P wave represents what?
atrial depolarization
31
where does the blood go in the pulmonic system?
from the heart to the lungs
32
the QRS complex represents what?
ventricular depolarization
33
function of cardiovascular system?
delivers oxygen and nutrients
maintains blood pressure
regulates body temp
maintain body pH
34
the mouth does what?
incharge of mechanical digestion, coats food withmucus and saliva
35
amylase and lipase breakdown what?
amylase breaks down starches and lipase breaks down lipids
36
peristalsis occurs where?
in the esophagus, involuntary
37
what happens in the stomach?
bolus comes in through lower esophageal sphincter. Chemical digestion occurs. Gastric acid breaks down proteins
38
the small intestine is the main site for what?
digestion and absorption, it has series of folds to increase surface area
39
the small intestine is composed of what parts?
duodenum,jejunum, and ilium
40
what happens in the large intestine?
it absorbs water,electrolytes and vitamins
41
what are the three parts of the large intestine?
cecum,colon (ascending, transverse,decending) rectum
42
where are feces stored until defacation?
rectum
43
where is bile produced?
the liver
44
what does bile do?
emulsifies fats
45
where is bile stored?
in the gallbladder
46
Gastrin is produced where?
produced by the stomach, and stimulates HCL to be released
47
Cholecystokinin is secreted by what and what does it do?
secreted by small intestine, stimulates gallbladder to release bile into duodenum
48
Secretin is released by what?
small intestine, stimulates release of bicarb pancreatic fluid
49
Insulin is produced by what?
Pancreas, regulates blood sugar when it is high
50
Glucagon is released when?
released when sugar levels are low, from the pancreas
51
Absorption of food and water mainly occurs where?
small intestine
52
the large intestine specializes in absorption of what?
water and minerals/vitamins
53
the nervous system is composed of what two parts?
CNS and PNS
54
the CNS is composed of what?
the brain and spinal cord. It gives out orders
55
The PNS is composed of what?
composed of peripheral nerves, connects the control center to the rest of the body
56
PNS breaks down into what?
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system
57
Somatic nervous system is responsible for what movements?
voluntary movements
58
Autonomic controls what kind of movements?
involuntary functions ex. heart rate
59
Autonomic breaks down into what systems?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
60
What system is responsible for fight or flight
sympathetic, rapid response team
61
Parasympathetic induces what state?
rest and digest, slows HR, stimulates digestion
62
the afferent(sensory) division of PNS brings info to where?
to the CNS, "a" for arriving
63
the efferent(motor) division delivers messages from?
CNS to muscles or glands, "e" for exiting
64
Structure of a neuron consists of what parts?
cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath and synapsis
65
the myelin sheath does what?
covers the axon and increases speed of neural impulses
66
the cerebellum is responsible for what?
fine motor movements, balance, coordination
67
the brain stem is important, why?
connects brain to spinal cord, needed for life sustaining functions( HR,BP)
68
the cerebrum is responsible for what?
higher order functioning, thinking, decision making
69
the axial skeleton is composed of what?
bones in the trunk of the body. Skull vertebrae, ribs, sternum,coccyx
70
the appendicular skeleton is composed of what?
bones in the limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet clavicle shoulder blade pelvis
71
examples of long bones
ulna radium humerus femur tibia fibula phalanges
72
examples of short bones
cube shape, carpals and tarsals
73
examples of flat bones
skull ribs sternum scapula hips
74
example of sesamoid bone
patella
75
what is compact bone?
hard outer layer of bones, protect and support
76
what is spongey bone?
porous and light weight
77
Where are RBC produced?
red bone marrow
78
What are osteoblasts?
Bone builder, helps bones grow
79
What are osteclasts?
they dissolve old damaged bone
80
tendons attach what?
attaches bone to muscle
81
ligaments attach what?
bone to bones
82
What is skeletal muscle?
striated and under voluntary control. Attaches to bone and is responsible for movement
83
What is cardiac muscle?
Is striated and involuntary. Primarily found in the heart
84
What is smooth muscle?
non striated involuntary. Found in organs and vessels
85
what is the thin filament
actin
86
what is the thick filament
myosin
87
what causes the contraction of muscles?
calcium
88
actin anchors to what
the z line, separation of sarcomere
89
do the filaments change length when contracting?
no, they slide past eachother
90
what are the three parts of the integumentary system?
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
91
what does the epidermis do?
provides a waterproof barrier, outermost layer, composed of 4-layers. Come Lets Get Sunburnt
92
what is in the dermis?
blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands
93
what are aprocrine sweat glands?
they open to hair follicles, located in armpits nipples groin. Produce thick sweat and BO
94
What are eccrine glands?
open into a pore on the skin, for temp regulation. Located all over body
95
subcutaneous layer
innermost layer, consists of nerve fat and connective tissue. Acts as insulator
96
if the body is too warm what happens w the blood vessels?
blood vessels and skin dilate to let out heat and sweat is produced to cool off.
97
the kidneys are responsible for what?
filtering blood and producing urine
98
what carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
ureters
99
where is urine stored until secretion?
in the bladder
100
what carries the urine to the outside?
urethra
101
what is the nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney. it removes waste filters blood and reabsorbs water
102
what is the glomerulus?
it is surrounded by the bowmans Capsule. It is a ball of capillaries that is the site of filtration. it creates a filtrate of urea glucose and salts
103
tubular reabsorption happens where?
in the proximal convoluted tubule. water nutrients and electrolytes are reabsorbed
104
what takes blood to glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
105
tubular secretion occurs where?
distal convoluted tubule. Helps regulate pH and eliminate waste
106
the loop of henle contains what?
high levels of salt
107
the ascending loop of henle absorbs what?
ions
107
the descending loop of henle reabsorbs what?
water
108
Where does the filtrate go after the distal convoluted tubule?
collecting duct
109
Kidneys produce what hormone?
erythropoietin, to stimulate production of new RBC
110
the higher concetrnrtration of H
+ ions the _____ the pH?
LOWER
111
What is the renin angiotensin aldosterone system?
enzyme renin is secreted. Aniotensin 1 produced, then it converts to angiotensin II. This stimulates release of aldosterone.
112
what does the pituitary gland do?
"master gland" regulates body functions and controls other endocrine glands
113
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is what
stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens. Released by anterior pituitary
114
thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid to release its hormones. Released by anterior pituitay
115
prolactin
targets mammary glands and milk production. Released by anterior pituitary
116
luteinizing hormone
Released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates production of sex hormones, stimulates ovulation
117
Follicle stimulating hormones
releasted by anterior pituitary, stimulates follicle and egg growth, and sperm maturation
118
oxytocin
releasted by posterior pituitary but produced in hypothalamus. Stimulates contractions
119
ADH
produced in hypothalamus released in anterior pituitary. Targets kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention
120
what releases melatonin
pineal gland
121
Thyroid gland releases what
T3, T4, and calcitonin to lower blood calcium
122
the parathyroid gland releases what
parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels
123
Thymosin is released by what
thymus, stimulated production of T cells
124
Adrenal medulla releases what hormones?
epinephrine and norepinephrine. It increases HR and blood sugar. Fight or flight
125
the adrenal cortex releases what hormones?
androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids
126
testes release what?
testosterone, helps sperm and male characteristics develop
127
pancreas releases what when blood sugar is high
insulin, produced by beta cells
128
pancreas releases what when blood sugar is low
glucagon produced by alpha cella
129
what is a positive feedback loop?
process that further amplifies the change ex oxytocin released during childbirth
130
what is a negative feedback loop?
process that reverts the change and gets it back to baseline
131
where are the testes housed and what do they do?
housed in scrotum & produce sperm/testosterone
132
where does sperm maturation occur/ storing till ejaculation?
epididymis
133
what transfers sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles?
vas deferens
134
function of the seminal vesicles?
sack like structure that produces seminal fluid. Makes up 60% of semen
135
function of the prostate gland?
secretions nourish sperm and increase motility
136
the penis is responsible for what?
long organ that carries urine and sperm out
137
the penis is composed of what?
three layers of tissue, corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
138
Function of the ovaries?
produce eggs and hormones
139
the fallopian tubes do what?
carry eggs from ovaries to uterus
140
where does the egg implant/ develop
uterus
141
implantation occurs in what layer of the uterus?
endometrium
142
function of the cervix
connects uterus to vagina, it dilates during labor due to head pressure
143
Vagina?
long organ, that carries bloos and tissue from uterus during period. Passageway of intercourse
144
the external female genitalia includes what?
vulva-labia minora/majora,clitoris and urethra
145
purpose of estrogen?
produced by ovaries, helps develop female characteristics & regulate cycle
146
wollfman ducts give rise to?
male reproductive system
147
FSH causes what hormone to be produced?
estrogen
148
what happens during the follicular phase?
FSh stimulates the maturation of the follicle then secretes estrogen. it helps regenerate lining that was shed
149
what happens during ovulation?
the second oocyte is released following a surge in LH
150
what happens at puberty?
hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone. This triggers LH/FSH which causes female reproductive organs to mature
151
what happens during the luteal phase?
formation of corpus luteum with the reminants of the follicle
152
what is a closed fracture?
bone breaks but does not puncture through the skin and protrude
153
what is an open fracture?
when the bone breaks and the bone protrudes outside of the body
154
what is a comminuted fracture?
the bone breaks in multiple areas, often seen in trauma
155
what is a greenstick fracture?
part of the bone bends but doesn't fully break. Most often seen in young children
156
the lymphatic system consists of?
the thymus bone marrow tonsils spleen lympatic vessels lymph nodes and lymph
157
lymph is transported in what direction?
toward the neck
158
bone marrow and thymus produce what?
mature lymphocytes
159
lymph consists of what?
white blood cells
160
where do t cells mature?
thymus
161
lymohocytes that stay in the bone marrow mature into what?
B cells and NK cells
162
immune system is divided into?
innate and adaptive defense
163
innate defense is?
first line of defense ex skin mucuous membranes, chemical barriers such as low ph lysozomes
164
phagocytes do what?
engulf pathogens and destroy
165
adaptive immunity is what?
second line of defense, develops over time... encounters w antigen
166
t cells mature where
thymus but are produced in bone marrow
167
t cells are apart of?
cell mediated immunity,
168
cytotoxic t cells do what?
kill infected or abnormal cells
169
memory T cells
produced by cytotoxic t cells, respond to subsequent infections
170
Helper T cells
help activate other cells in the immune system
171
B cells mature where
in the bone marrow
172
b cells are apart of what immunity?
humoral mediated immunity
173
B cells differentiate into what?
plasma cells and memory b cells
174
what is passive immunity
body is exposed to antibodies made by another individual ex breastmilk
175
what is active immunity?
body produces own antibodies in response to infection, lasts longer than passive
176
adaptive passive immunity?
temp protection from pathogens
177
natural active?
through infection
178
periods on the table are?
horizontal rows
179
groups on the periodic table are?
vertical column
180
metal are situated where on the periodic table?
left/ center
181
nonmetals are found where on the periodic table?
right side of the periodic table
182
the atomic number reflects what?
the number of protons
183
the mass number reflects what?
total # of protons and neutrons in an atom
