ATI Science Flashcards
What are the three body planes?
sagittal- left and right
coronal/frontal- anterior posterior
transverse- inferior and superior
the dorsal cavity contains
brain and spinal cord
the upper respiratory tract is composed of
nose,nostrils,mouth, pharynx,larynx
what is the voice box
larynx
the lower respiratory tract consists of what?
trachea,bronchi, bronchioles,alveoli, right lung and left lung
how many lobes does each lung have?
right has-3
left has- two because of cardiac notch
when you inhale what happens?
diaphragm moves down, increasing volume and decreasing pressure. O2 comes in
when you exhale what happens?
diaphragm relaxes and moves upward. Volume decreases and pressure increases. CO2 is released
what is boyles law
pressure and volume have an inverse relationship
functions of the respiratory system?
ph regulation of the blood, thermoregulation,odor detection, production of speech
CO2 makes the blood more what?
acidic
After the right atrium where does the blood go?
through tricuspid and into right ventricle
the right atrium receives blood from where?
it receives oxygen depleted blood from the inferior and superior vena cava.
the blood goes where after the right ventricle?
blood goes through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Eventually leading to the pulmonary vein
the left atrium received blood from where?
it receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
the blood passes through what valve to go into the left ventricle?
the mitral valve
where is the blood pumped to after the left ventricle?
to the aortic valve to the aorta and to the rest of the body.
how many layers does the heart have
three. pericardium, myocardium (middle layer, responsible for contraction, epicardium
arteries carry what kind of blood and where?
they carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
what are capillaries
small vessels that connect arterioles to venules, gas and nutrient exchange take place
veins carry what kind of blood and where?
oxygen deficient blood away from the heart
veins have what to prevent backflow
valves
blood does what?
carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes CO2/waste from cells
what is systole?
makes the lub sound, blood is being pumped out of heart. Tricuspid and mitral valves close
what is diastole?
makes a “dub” sound. Relaxation of the ventricles. Aortic and pulmonic valves close
What is the SA node?
primary pacemaker, located in right atrium.beats between 60-100 bpm
What is the AV node?
kicks in if SA node fails. Beats between 40-60 bpm
What are the purkinje fibers?
last ditch effort. 20-40 bpm
Where does the blood go in the systemic circuit?
to and from the entire body
the P wave represents what?
atrial depolarization
where does the blood go in the pulmonic system?
from the heart to the lungs
the QRS complex represents what?
ventricular depolarization
function of cardiovascular system?
delivers oxygen and nutrients
maintains blood pressure
regulates body temp
maintain body pH
the mouth does what?
incharge of mechanical digestion, coats food withmucus and saliva
amylase and lipase breakdown what?
amylase breaks down starches and lipase breaks down lipids
peristalsis occurs where?
in the esophagus, involuntary
what happens in the stomach?
bolus comes in through lower esophageal sphincter. Chemical digestion occurs. Gastric acid breaks down proteins
the small intestine is the main site for what?
digestion and absorption, it has series of folds to increase surface area
the small intestine is composed of what parts?
duodenum,jejunum, and ilium
what happens in the large intestine?
it absorbs water,electrolytes and vitamins
what are the three parts of the large intestine?
cecum,colon (ascending, transverse,decending) rectum
where are feces stored until defacation?
rectum
where is bile produced?
the liver
what does bile do?
emulsifies fats
where is bile stored?
in the gallbladder
Gastrin is produced where?
produced by the stomach, and stimulates HCL to be released
Cholecystokinin is secreted by what and what does it do?
secreted by small intestine, stimulates gallbladder to release bile into duodenum
Secretin is released by what?
small intestine, stimulates release of bicarb pancreatic fluid
Insulin is produced by what?
Pancreas, regulates blood sugar when it is high
Glucagon is released when?
released when sugar levels are low, from the pancreas
Absorption of food and water mainly occurs where?
small intestine
the large intestine specializes in absorption of what?
water and minerals/vitamins
the nervous system is composed of what two parts?
CNS and PNS
the CNS is composed of what?
the brain and spinal cord. It gives out orders
The PNS is composed of what?
composed of peripheral nerves, connects the control center to the rest of the body
PNS breaks down into what?
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system
Somatic nervous system is responsible for what movements?
voluntary movements
Autonomic controls what kind of movements?
involuntary functions ex. heart rate
Autonomic breaks down into what systems?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
What system is responsible for fight or flight
sympathetic, rapid response team
Parasympathetic induces what state?
rest and digest, slows HR, stimulates digestion
the afferent(sensory) division of PNS brings info to where?
to the CNS, “a” for arriving
the efferent(motor) division delivers messages from?
CNS to muscles or glands, “e” for exiting
Structure of a neuron consists of what parts?
cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath and synapsis
the myelin sheath does what?
covers the axon and increases speed of neural impulses
the cerebellum is responsible for what?
fine motor movements, balance, coordination
the brain stem is important, why?
connects brain to spinal cord, needed for life sustaining functions( HR,BP)
the cerebrum is responsible for what?
higher order functioning, thinking, decision making
the axial skeleton is composed of what?
bones in the trunk of the body. Skull vertebrae, ribs, sternum,coccyx
the appendicular skeleton is composed of what?
bones in the limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet clavicle shoulder blade pelvis
examples of long bones
ulna radium humerus femur tibia fibula phalanges
examples of short bones
cube shape, carpals and tarsals
examples of flat bones
skull ribs sternum scapula hips
example of sesamoid bone
patella
what is compact bone?
hard outer layer of bones, protect and support
what is spongey bone?
porous and light weight
Where are RBC produced?
red bone marrow
What are osteoblasts?
Bone builder, helps bones grow
What are osteclasts?
they dissolve old damaged bone
tendons attach what?
attaches bone to muscle
ligaments attach what?
bone to bones
What is skeletal muscle?
striated and under voluntary control. Attaches to bone and is responsible for movement
What is cardiac muscle?
Is striated and involuntary. Primarily found in the heart
What is smooth muscle?
non striated involuntary. Found in organs and vessels
what is the thin filament
actin
what is the thick filament
myosin
what causes the contraction of muscles?
calcium
actin anchors to what
the z line, separation of sarcomere
do the filaments change length when contracting?
no, they slide past eachother
what are the three parts of the integumentary system?
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
what does the epidermis do?
provides a waterproof barrier, outermost layer, composed of 4-layers. Come Lets Get Sunburnt
what is in the dermis?
blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands
what are aprocrine sweat glands?
they open to hair follicles, located in armpits nipples groin. Produce thick sweat and BO
What are eccrine glands?
open into a pore on the skin, for temp regulation. Located all over body
subcutaneous layer
innermost layer, consists of nerve fat and connective tissue. Acts as insulator
if the body is too warm what happens w the blood vessels?
blood vessels and skin dilate to let out heat and sweat is produced to cool off.
the kidneys are responsible for what?
filtering blood and producing urine
what carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
ureters
where is urine stored until secretion?
in the bladder
what carries the urine to the outside?
urethra
what is the nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney. it removes waste filters blood and reabsorbs water
what is the glomerulus?
it is surrounded by the bowmans Capsule. It is a ball of capillaries that is the site of filtration. it creates a filtrate of urea glucose and salts
tubular reabsorption happens where?
in the proximal convoluted tubule. water nutrients and electrolytes are reabsorbed
what takes blood to glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
tubular secretion occurs where?
distal convoluted tubule. Helps regulate pH and eliminate waste
the loop of henle contains what?
high levels of salt
the ascending loop of henle absorbs what?
ions
the descending loop of henle reabsorbs what?
water
Where does the filtrate go after the distal convoluted tubule?
collecting duct
Kidneys produce what hormone?
erythropoietin, to stimulate production of new RBC
the higher concetrnrtration of H
+ ions the _____ the pH?
LOWER
What is the renin angiotensin aldosterone system?
enzyme renin is secreted. Aniotensin 1 produced, then it converts to angiotensin II. This stimulates release of aldosterone.
what does the pituitary gland do?
“master gland” regulates body functions and controls other endocrine glands
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is what
stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens. Released by anterior pituitary
thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid to release its hormones. Released by anterior pituitay
prolactin
targets mammary glands and milk production. Released by anterior pituitary
luteinizing hormone
Released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates production of sex hormones, stimulates ovulation
Follicle stimulating hormones
releasted by anterior pituitary, stimulates follicle and egg growth, and sperm maturation
oxytocin
releasted by posterior pituitary but produced in hypothalamus. Stimulates contractions
ADH
produced in hypothalamus released in anterior pituitary. Targets kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention
what releases melatonin
pineal gland
Thyroid gland releases what
T3, T4, and calcitonin to lower blood calcium
the parathyroid gland releases what
parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels
Thymosin is released by what
thymus, stimulated production of T cells
Adrenal medulla releases what hormones?
epinephrine and norepinephrine. It increases HR and blood sugar. Fight or flight
the adrenal cortex releases what hormones?
androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids
testes release what?
testosterone, helps sperm and male characteristics develop
pancreas releases what when blood sugar is high
insulin, produced by beta cells
pancreas releases what when blood sugar is low
glucagon produced by alpha cella
what is a positive feedback loop?
process that further amplifies the change ex oxytocin released during childbirth
what is a negative feedback loop?
process that reverts the change and gets it back to baseline
where are the testes housed and what do they do?
housed in scrotum & produce sperm/testosterone
where does sperm maturation occur/ storing till ejaculation?
epididymis
what transfers sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles?
vas deferens
function of the seminal vesicles?
sack like structure that produces seminal fluid. Makes up 60% of semen
function of the prostate gland?
secretions nourish sperm and increase motility
the penis is responsible for what?
long organ that carries urine and sperm out
the penis is composed of what?
three layers of tissue, corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
Function of the ovaries?
produce eggs and hormones
the fallopian tubes do what?
carry eggs from ovaries to uterus
where does the egg implant/ develop
uterus
implantation occurs in what layer of the uterus?
endometrium
function of the cervix
connects uterus to vagina, it dilates during labor due to head pressure
Vagina?
long organ, that carries bloos and tissue from uterus during period. Passageway of intercourse
the external female genitalia includes what?
vulva-labia minora/majora,clitoris and urethra
purpose of estrogen?
produced by ovaries, helps develop female characteristics & regulate cycle
wollfman ducts give rise to?
male reproductive system
FSH causes what hormone to be produced?
estrogen
what happens during the follicular phase?
FSh stimulates the maturation of the follicle then secretes estrogen. it helps regenerate lining that was shed
what happens during ovulation?
the second oocyte is released following a surge in LH
what happens at puberty?
hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone. This triggers LH/FSH which causes female reproductive organs to mature
what happens during the luteal phase?
formation of corpus luteum with the reminants of the follicle
what is a closed fracture?
bone breaks but does not puncture through the skin and protrude
what is an open fracture?
when the bone breaks and the bone protrudes outside of the body
what is a comminuted fracture?
the bone breaks in multiple areas, often seen in trauma
what is a greenstick fracture?
part of the bone bends but doesn’t fully break. Most often seen in young children
the lymphatic system consists of?
the thymus bone marrow tonsils spleen lympatic vessels lymph nodes and lymph
lymph is transported in what direction?
toward the neck
bone marrow and thymus produce what?
mature lymphocytes
lymph consists of what?
white blood cells
where do t cells mature?
thymus
lymohocytes that stay in the bone marrow mature into what?
B cells and NK cells
immune system is divided into?
innate and adaptive defense
innate defense is?
first line of defense ex skin mucuous membranes, chemical barriers such as low ph lysozomes
phagocytes do what?
engulf pathogens and destroy
adaptive immunity is what?
second line of defense, develops over time… encounters w antigen
t cells mature where
thymus but are produced in bone marrow
t cells are apart of?
cell mediated immunity,
cytotoxic t cells do what?
kill infected or abnormal cells
memory T cells
produced by cytotoxic t cells, respond to subsequent infections
Helper T cells
help activate other cells in the immune system
B cells mature where
in the bone marrow
b cells are apart of what immunity?
humoral mediated immunity
B cells differentiate into what?
plasma cells and memory b cells
what is passive immunity
body is exposed to antibodies made by another individual ex breastmilk
what is active immunity?
body produces own antibodies in response to infection, lasts longer than passive
adaptive passive immunity?
temp protection from pathogens
natural active?
through infection
periods on the table are?
horizontal rows
groups on the periodic table are?
vertical column
metal are situated where on the periodic table?
left/ center
nonmetals are found where on the periodic table?
right side of the periodic table
the atomic number reflects what?
the number of protons
the mass number reflects what?
total # of protons and neutrons in an atom
