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PEDS Proctored Final > ATI > Flashcards

ATI Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus type 1?

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is an endocrine disorder is characterized by destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

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1
Q

What is short-acting insulin?

A

Short-acting insulin is also known as regular insulin, administered 30 minutes before food intake. Peaks at 1 to 5 hours, duration is 6 - 8 hours.

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3
Q

What are clinical manifestation of contact dermatitis?

A

Clinical manifestation of contact dermatitis include:
Red bumps that can form moist weeping blisters
Skin warm and tender to the touch
Presence of oozing, drainage, or crusts
Skin. Becomes scaly, raw or thickened.

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4
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of transposition of the great arteries?

A

Clinical manifestations of transposition of the great arteries are:

1) murmur depending on presence of associated defects
2) severe to less cyanosis depending on the size of the associated defect
3) Cardiomegaly (abnormal enlargement of the heart)
4) heart failure.

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5
Q

What are clinical manifestation of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Clinical manifestation of pulmonary stenosis include:

1) systolic ejection murmur
2) Cyanosis varies with the severity of the narrowing
3) Cardiomegaly
4) heart failure

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6
Q

What is infective (bacterial) endocarditis?

A

Infective (bacterial) endocarditis:

1) is an infection in the inner lining of the heart and the valves.
2) can be caused from either Streptococcus viridans and Staphyococcus aureus.

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7
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of infective (bacterial) endocarditis in infants?

A

Clinical manifestations of infective (bacterial) endocarditis in infants are:

1) feeding problems,
2) respiratory distress
3) tachycardia
4) heart failure
5) septicemia (blood poisoning)

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8
Q

What is rapid-acting insulin?

A

Rapid acting insulin onset is 15 to 30 min; it peaks from 30 min to 2.5 hours, and last 3 - 6 hours

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis in children?

A

Clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis in children are:

1) Intolerance to exercise
2) dizziness
3) chest pain
4) possible ejection murmur

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10
Q

What some clinical manifestations of heart failure?

A

Clinical manifestations of heart failure include:

1) impaired myocardial function
- sweating, tachycardia, fatigue, pallor, cool extremities with weak pulses, gallop rhythm, cardiomegaly
2) Pulmonary congestion:
- tachypnea (abnormal rapid breathing), dyspnea (labored breathing), retractions, nasal flairing, grunting, wheezing, cyanosis, cough, orthopnea, exercise intolerance
3) Systemic venous congestion: hepatomegaly (enlargement of liver), peripheral edema, ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity causing swelling), neck vein distention, periobital edema, weight gain.

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11
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Ventricular Septal Defects?

A

Clinical manifestations of Ventricular Septal Defects include:

1) Loud, harsh murmur auscultated at the left sternal border.
2) may spontaneously close

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13
Q

What is the end result of an obstructive cardiac defect?

A

The end result of an obstructive cardiac defect is decreased cardiac output.

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14
Q

What are some nursing interventions when administering digoxin?

A

Nursing interventions when administering digoxin include:

1) monitor pulse and withhold the medication as prescribed.
- In infants, if the pulse is less than 90/min, the medication should be withheld.
- in children, if the pulse is less than 70/min the medication should be withheld.
2) Monitor for toxicity
3) monitor for serum digoxin levels

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15
Q

What is a hospitalized toddlers level of understanding?

A

The hospitalized toddler:

1) has limited ability to describe illness
2) poorly developed sense of body image or boundaries
3) limited understanding of the need for the therapeutic process
4) limited ability to follow directions

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia?

A

Clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia include:

1) thirst
2) polyuria (early), oliguria (late)
3) nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
4) skin that is warm, dry, and flushed with poor turgor
5) dry mucous membranes
6) confusion
7) weakness
8) lethargy
9) weak pulse
10) diminished reflexes
11) Rapid, deep respirations with fruity odor (Kussmaul respirations)

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17
Q

What are the therapeutic serum digoxin levels?

A

Therapeutic serum digoxin levels range from 0.5 to 2 mcg/L

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18
Q

What are some nursing interventions for infective (bacterial) endocarditis?

A

Nursing interventions for infective (bacterial) endocarditis are:

1) administer antibiotics parenterally for 2 to 8 weeks, usually via a PICC line.
2) Counsel the family of high risk children about the need for prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental and surgical procedure
3) Advise the family’s regular dentist of existing cardiac problems in high-risk children to ensure preventative treatment
4) maintain a high level of oral care
5) educate families regarding signs and symptoms of infection
6) advise families of follow-up appointments.

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19
Q

What are the risk factors for infective (bacterial) endocarditis?

A

Risk factors infective (bacterial) endocarditis are:

1) congenital or acquired heart disease
2) indwelling catheters

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20
Q

What is the impact of hospitalization on a toddler?

A

A hospitalized toddler can:

1) Experience separation anxiety
2) can exhibit an intense reaction to any type of procedure due to the intrusion of boundaries
3) behavior can regress

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20
Q

What is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus?

A

A serious complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic ketoacidosis . (DKA)

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21
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, in which hyperglycemia, ketonemia, glycosuria, ketonuria, and acidosis (pH 7.30 and bicarbonate 15 mmol/L), resulting in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in blood, urine, and lungs. Onset is rapid and mortality rate is high

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22
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Atrial Septal Defects?

A

Clinical manifestations of Atrial Septal Defect include:

1) loud, harsh murmur with a fixed split second heart sound
2) May be asymptomatic

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23
Q

What are nursing interventions for Kawasaki disease?

A

Nursing interventions for Kawasaki disease are:

1) maintain cardiac monitoring
2) Assess for heart failure (decreased urine output, gallop heart rhythm, tachycardia, respiratory distress
3) Monitor I&O
4) obtain weight
5) administer IV fluids to avoid dehydration
6) offer clear liquids and soft foods
7) administer IV gamma globulin
8) Administer asprin as prescribed.

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24
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic stenosis is an obstructive defect causing a narrowing of the aortic valve.

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26
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of infective (bacterial) endocarditis?

A

Clinical manifestations of infective (bacterial) endocarditis are:

1) fever
2) malaise
3) new murmur
4) myalgias (muscle pain)
5) arthralgias (joint pain)
6) headache
7) diaphresis
8) weight loss

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27
Q

What congenital heart defects create mixed blood flow?

A

There are three congenital heart defects that mix pulmonary and systemic blood flow:

1) transposition of the great arteries
2) truncus arteriosus,
3) hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

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27
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia?

A

Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia can include:

1) hunger, lightheaded ness, and shakiness
2) headache
3) anxiety
4) pale, cool skin
5) diaphoresis
6) irritability
7) shallow respirations (but can be normal)
8) tachycardia and palpations
9) strange or unusual feelings
10) decreasing level of consciousness
11) difficulty in thinking and inability to concentrate
12) change of emotional behavior
13) slurred speech
14) headache and blurred vision
15) seizures leading to coma

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29
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin, caused when skin comes into contact with chemicals, or other irritants

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30
Q

What are the types of bacterial infections?

A 
Bacterial infections include:
Impetigo contagioas
Pyoderma
Folliculitis
Furuncle
Carbuncle
Cellulitis
Stapylococcal scalded syndrome
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31
Q

What is diaper dermatitis?

A

Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin caused by detergents, soaps, or chemicals that come into contact with the genital area. It can also be a result of candida albicans.

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32
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Coarctation of the aorta is an obstructive cardiac defect where a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, usually at or near the ductus arteriosus, that results in obstruction of blood flow from the ventricle.

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33
Q

What is seborrheic dermatitis?

A

Seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory form of contact dermatitis with unknown etiology. Is most common in infancy and puberty.

Types of seborrheic dermatitis are Cradle cap, blepharitis, otitis externa.

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34
Q

What congenital heart defects obstruct blood flow?

A

There are three congenital heart defects that obstruct blood flow:

1) Coarctation of the aorta,
2) pulmonary stenosis,
3) aortic stenosis

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36
Q

What can causes Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis can be caused by:

1) insufficient insulin
2) acute stress
3) poor management of acute illness

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37
Q

What are some examples of contact dermatitis?

A

Examples of contact dermatitis include:
Diaper dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis

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38
Q

What are clinical manifestations of shock?

A

Clinical manifestation of shock are

1) dyspnea (labored breathing)
2) breath sounds with crackles
3) grunting
4) hypotension
5) tachycardia
6) weak peripheral pulses

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39
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of diaper dermatitis?

A

Clinical manifestation of diaper dermatitis include:
Bright red rash that extends gradually
Fiery red and scaly areas on the scrotum and penis
Red or scaly areas on the labia
Pimples, blisters, ulcers, large bumps, or pus-filled sores
Smaller red patches that blend together

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40
Q

What are some nursing interventions for diaper dermatitis?

A

Nursing interventions for diaper dermatitis include:

1) promptly remove solid diaper
2) clean urine from the perineal area with a non irritating cleanser
3) expose the affected area to air
4) use super absorbent disposable diaper to reduce skin exposure
5) apply a skin barrier, such as zinc oxide, DO NOT WASH IT OFF with each diaper change

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41
Q

What is the pathophysiology of defects that increase pulmonary blood flow?

A

Defects with increased pulmonary blood flow allow blood to shift from the high pressure left side of the heart to the right, lower pressure side of the heart.

41
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of tricuspid atresia in the older child?

A

Clinical manifestation of tricuspid atresia in an infant are

1) Hypoxemia
2) Clubbing of fingers

42
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Clinical manifestations of hypoplastic left heart syndrome are:

1) mild cyanosis
2) heart failure
3) lethargy
4) cold hands and feet
5) once PDA closes, progression of cyanosis and decreased cardiac output result in eventual cardiac collapse.

45
Q

What are the types of viral skin infections

A 
There are six types of viral skin infections including 
Verruca
Verruca plantaris
Herpes simplex virus 
Varicella zoster virus 
Molluscum contagiosum
46
Q

What are nursing interventions for contact dermatitis?

A

Nursing interventions for contact dermatitis include:
Remove the irritant
Limit further exposure

47
Q

What is an Atrial Septal Defect? (ASD)

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a cardiac defect that increase pulmonary blood flow via a hole in the septum between the right and left atria that results in increased pulmonary blood flow (left-to-right-shunt)

47
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Clinical manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot are

1) cyanosis at birth; progressive cyanosis over the first year of life
2) systolic murmur
3) episodes of acute cyanosis and hypoxia (Tet spells)

49
Q

What congenital heart defects increase pulmonary blood flow?

A

There are three congenital heart defects that increase pulmonary blood flow:

1) ASD - Atrial Septal Defect
2) VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect
3) PDA - Patent Ductus Arteriousa

49
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

Transposition of the great arteries is a congenital cardiac defect condition in which the aorta is connected to the right ventricle instead of the left, and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle instead of the right, mixing oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.

A septal defect or a PDA must exist in order to oxygenate the blood

50
Q

What are the acute phase clinical manifestations of Kawasaki disease?

A

In the acute phase, Kawasaki disease manifest itself
with the onset of high fever that is unresponsive to antipyretics, with the development of other manifestations such as:
1) irritability
2) red eyes without drainage
3) bright red, chapped lips
4) strawberry tongue with white coating or red bumps
5) red oral mucous membranes with inflammation including pharynx
6) swelling of hand and feet with red palms and soles
7) non blistering rash
8) enlarged lymph nodes
9) desquamation (skin peeling) of the perineum
10) cervical lymphadenopathy
11) cardiac manifestations

51
Q

What congenital heart defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow?

A

There are two congenital heart defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow:

1) Tetralogy of Fallot,
2) Tricuspid atresia

52
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of tricuspid atresia in an infant?

A

Clinical manifestation of tricuspid atresia in an infant are

1) cyanosis at birth, progressive cyanosis over the first year of life
2) systolic murmur
3) Episodes of acute cyanosis and hypoxia (tet spells)

53
Q

What is a Ventricular Septal Defect? (VSD)

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a defect that increase pulmonary blood flow via a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricle that results in increased pulmonary blood flow (left-to-right-shunt)

53
Q

When educating the parents and child about management of diabetes mellitus, the nurse should advise them to contact the provider when?

A

The nurse should instruct the parents and child to contact the provider when:

1) blood glucose is greater than 240 mg/dL
2) positive ketones in the urine
3) the child is disoriented or confused
4) rapid breathing is experienced
5) vomiting occurs more than once
6) liquids cannot be tolerated

54
Q

What is anaphylatic shock?

A

Anaphylatic shock results from a hypersensitivity to a foreign substance that leads to massive vasodialtion and capillary leak and can occur in response to an allergy to latex, or drugs, insect stings, or blood transfusions.

56
Q

What are the 5 types of skin infections and infestations?

A 
The five types of skin infections include 
Bacterial 
Viral
Fungal 
Anthropoid bites
Infestations
57
Q

What is used to treat infective (bacterial) endocarditis?

A

Infective (bacterial) endocarditis is usually treated with high-dose anti-infectives given for 2 to 8 weeks via IV

57
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of digoxin toxicity?

A

Digoxin toxicity is evidenced by

1) bradycardia
2) dysrhythmias
3) nausea,
4) vomiting
5) anorexia

58
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A

Triscuspid atresia is an obstructive congenital cardiac defect manifesting itself as a complete closure of the tricuspid valve that results in mixed blood flow. An atrial septal opening needs to be present to allow blood to enter the left atrium.

58
Q

What is long acting insulin?

A

Long acting insulin is usually taken 1x a day in the morning before meals. There is no peak time, and it last 24 hours

60
Q

What is the level of understanding of a hospitalized infant?

A

The hospitalized infant is:

1) Unable to describe the illness of follow directions
2) Lack the understanding of the need for therapeutic procedures

60
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Kawasaki disease in the subacute phase?

A

In the sub-acute phase, Kawasaki disease manifest as

1) gradual resolution of fever
2) irritability
3) peeling skin around the nails, on the palms and soles
4) temporary arthritis

61
Q

What is truncus arteriosus?

A

Truncus arteriosus is a congenital cardiac defect in which there is a failure of septum formation, resulting in a single vessel that comes of the ventricles, mixing oxygenate and de-oxygenated blood.

62
Q

What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a mixed blood congenital cardiac defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. An Atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale allows for oxygenation of the blood.

63
Q

What are nursing interventions for poisonous plant exposure?

A

Nursing interventions for poisonous plant exposure include:

1) Cleanse exposed area as soon as possible with cold running water, then soap and water shower
2) clothes, shoes should be cleansed in hot water with detergent
3) apply calamine lotion, burrow solution compress, or natural colloidal oatmeal baths.
4) use topical corticosteroid gel
5) oral corticosteroid for severe reactions or for irritation on the face, neck, or genitalia,

64
Q

What is pulmonary stenosis?

A

Pulmonary stenosis is an obstructive defect causing a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery that results in obstruction of blood flow from the ventricles.

64
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by a partial or complete metabolic deficiency of insulin.

65
Q

What are the clinical manifestation of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Clinical manifestations of coarctation of the aorta include

1) elevated blood pressure in the arms
2) bounding pulses in the upper extremities
3) decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities
4) cool skin of lower extremities
5) weak or absent femoral pulses
6) heart failure in infants
7) dizziness, headaches, fainting, or nosebleeds in older children

65
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac defect manifesting as four defects together that result in mixed blood flow:

1) Pulmonary stenosis
2) Ventricular septal defect
3) Overriding aorta
4) Right ventricular hypertrophy

67
Q

What are the types of fungal infections?

A 
There are five types of fungal infections, including:
Tinea capitis
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris 
Tinea pedis
Candidiasis
68
Q

What are nurse teachings in reference to exercise and the child with diabetes mellitus?

A

Nurse teaching regarding exercise and the child with diabetes mellitus include:

1) children active with team sports will require a snack 30 min prior to activity
2) Prolonged actives will require food intake every 45-60 min
3) adjustment of diet and insulin can be required with changes in activity.

69
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Cardiogenic shock occurs from impaired cardiac function that leads to a decrease in cardiac output.

71
Q

Why is Digoxin used?

A

Digoxin is used to improve the myocardial contractility.

72
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of truncus arteriosus?

A

Clinical manifestation of truncus arteriosus are

1) heart failure
2) murmur
3) variable cyanosis
4) lethargy
5) fatigue
6) poor feeding habits

73
Q

What are the clinical manifestation of aortic stenosis in infants?

A

Clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis in infants are:

1) faint pulses
2) hypotension
3) tachycardia
4) poor feeding tolerance

76
Q

What is intermediate acting insulin?

A

Intermediate acting insulin can be taken 1 to 2 hours before meal, peaks between 6 to 14 hours, duration 16 - 24 hours

77
Q

What is the impact of hospitalization on an infant

A

The hospitalized infant

1) experiences stranger anxiety between 6 and 18 mos of age.
2) displays physical behaviors as expressions of discomfort and inability to verbalize
3) can experience sleep deprivation due to strange noises, monitoring devices, and procedures
4) can experience anxiety due to strange environment or fear of the unknown.

78
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels).

79
Q

What is the pathophysiology of defects that increase pulmonary blood flow?

A

Defects with increased pulmonary blood flow allow blood to shift from the high pressure left side of the heart to the right, lower pressure side of the heart.

1) increased pulmonary blood volume on the right side of the heart increases pulmonary blood flow.
2) These defects include signs and symptoms of heart failure.

80
Q

What is the protocol when mixing rapid- or short-acting insulin with a longer-acting insulin.

A

When mixing rapid- or short-acting insulin with a longer-acting insulin you:

1) draw up the shorter-acting insulin into the syringe first
2) draw up the longer-acting insulin second.

81
Q

What is a Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a cardiac defect that increase pulmonary blood flow when the normal fetal circulation conduit between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close and results in increased pulmonary blood flow (left-to-right-shunt).

82
Q

What are the risk factors for Diabetes mellitus?

A

The risk factors for diabetes mellitus are

1) Genetics
2) Toxins and viruses.
3) obesity and other lifestyle choices

83
Q

What is an obstructive defect?

A

1) An obstructive defect are those where blood flow exiting the heart meets an areas of narrowing (stenosis), which causes obstruction of blood flow.
2) The pressure that occurs before the defect is increased (ventricle) and the pressure that occurs after the defect is decreased.
3) Children with these defects present with signs of heart failure.

84
Q

How do defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow affect the heart?

A

Defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow

1) have an obstruction of pulmonary blood flow and an anatomic defect (ASD or VSD) between the right and left sides of the heart.
2) a right to left shunt occurs allowing de-oxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation.
3) cause hypercyanotic spells (tet spells) manifest as acute cyanosis or hypernea.

85
Q

What steps should the nurse instruct the family to take if they suspect the child is hypoglycemic?

A

The nurse should instruct the family to do the following:
1) check blood glucose levels
2) treat with 10 to 15 g simple carbs (1 tbsp sugar)
(Can use milk or juice for milder reactions)
3) monitor blood glucose frequently
4) follow with complex carbohydrate
5) if child is unconscious or unable to swallow, administer glucagon SC or IM; administer simple carb as soon as able to tolerate. Watch for vomiting and take aspiration precautions
‘

89
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus type 2?

A

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder characterized by the body’s inability to utilize insulin properly combined with insulin insufficiency.

90
Q

What are nursing interventions for a child in Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A

Nursing interventions in order of priority:

1) admit to the ICU
2) obtain venous access
3) Assess
4) Rapid isotonic replacement to maintain vital organ perfusion
5) monitor for evidence of fluid volume excess and cerebral edema
6) hourly glucose monitoring
7) administer oxygen to cyanotic clients or 02 stat are less than 80%

91
Q

During a DKA crisis, what should the nurse assess for?

A

During DKA, a nurse should assess for (in order of priority)

1) ketone levels in the blood and urine
2) blood glucose
3) Labs: Glucose, electrolytes, BUN, ABG, CBC
4) fruity scent to the breath
5) mental confusion
6) mental confusion
7) dyspnea
8) nausea and vomiting
9) dehydration
10) weight loss
11) electrolyte imbalances

92
Q

A nurse is reviewing sick-day management with a parent of a child who has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching? (select all that apply)

1) monitor blood glucose every 3 hr
2) discontinue taking insulin until feeling better
3) drink 8 hr of fruit juice every hour
4) test urine for ketones
5) call the provider if blood glucose is greater than 240 mg/dl.

A

When reviewing sick day management, the nurse should include in the teaching:

1) monitor blood glucose every 3 hours
4) test urine for ketones
5) call the provider if blood glucose is greater than 240 mg/dL

93
Q

A nurse is teaching a child who has type 1 diabetes mellitus about self-care. Which of the following statements by the child indicates understanding of the teaching?

1) I should skip breakfast when I am not hungry
2) I should increase my insulin with exercise
3) I should drink a glass of milk when I am feeling irritable
4) I should draw up the NPH insulin into the syringe before the regular insulin.

A

When teaching a child who has type 1 diabetes mellitus about self-care, the following statement indicates to the nurse the the child understands:

3) I should drink a glass of milk when I am feeling irritable.

94
Q

A nurse is caring for a child who has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following are manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis?

1) blood glucose of 58 mg/dL
2) weight gain
3) dehydration
4) mental confusion
5) fruity breath.

A

The following are manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis:

3) dehydration
4) mental confusion
5) fruity breath

95
Q

A nurse is teaching a school-age child who has diabetes mellitus about insulin administration. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?

1) “you should inject the needle at a 30-degree angle”
2) You should combine glargine and regular insulin in the same syringe.”
3) “ You should aspirate for blood before injecting insulin.”
4) “you should give four or five injections in one area before switching sites.

A

When teaching a school-age child who has diabetes mellitus about insulin administration, the nurse should include the following statement in the teaching:

4) you should give four or five injections in one area before switching sites.

96
Q

A nurse is teaching an adolescent who has diabetes mellitus about manifestation of hypoglycemia. Which of the following findings should the nurse include in the teaching? (select all that apply)

1) increased urination
2) hunger
3) signs of dehydration
4) irritability
5) sweating and pallor
6) Kussmaul respiration

A

The nurse should include the following findings about the manifestation of hypoglycemia in her teaching of an adolescent who has diabetes mellitus:

2) hunger
4) Irritability
5) sweating and pallor

97
Q

What is human growth hormone?

A

Human growth hormone is a naturally occurring substance found in the pituitary gland.

98
Q

What bodily functions is human growth hormone responsible for?

A

Human growth hormone (GH) is responsible for:

1) normal growth
2) development
3) cellular metabolism

99
Q

What other hormones work with GH to control metabolic process?

A

Other hormones that work with human growth hormone (GH) to control metabolic process are:

1) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3) gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone.

100
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

Hypopituitarism is the diminished or deficient secretion of pituitary hormones.

101
Q

What are the risk factors for hypopituitarism?

A

The risk factors for hypopituitarism are:

1) structural factors (tumors, trauma, defects, surgery)
2) heredity disorders
3) other pituitary deficiencies (deficiency of TSH/ATCH)
4) most GH deficiencies are idiopathic.

102
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism?

A

Clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism are:

1) Short stature but proportional
2) delayed epiphyseal closure
3) increased insulin sensitivity
4) underdeveloped jaw
5) delayed sexual development

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