ATI

Question 1

native immunity aka

Answer 1

nonspecific innate
-restricts entry or immediately responds to a foreign organism (antigen) through the activation of phagocytic cells, complement, and inflammation

Question 2

passive immunity

Answer 2

Antibodies are produced by an external source

Question 3

specific adaptive immunity

Answer 3

allows the body to make antibodies in response to a foreign organism (antigen). This reaction directs against an identifiable micro-organism.

Question 5

chain of infection

Answer 5

agent
reservoir
portal of exit (from the host)
mode of transmission
portal of exit (to the host)
susceptible host

Question 6

stages of infection

Answer 6

Incubation: interval between the pathogen entering the body and the presentation of the first finding

Prodromal stage: interval from onset of general findings to more distinct findings; during this time, the pathogen multiplies

Illness stage: interval when findings specific to the infection occur

Convalescence: interval when acute findings disappear, total recovery taking days to months

Question 7

what is HAIs

Answer 7

Health-care associated infections (HAIs) are infections that a client acquires while receiving care in a health care setting

Question 8

antipyretics

Answer 8

Antipyretics (acetaminophen and aspirin) are used for fever and discomfort as prescribed

Question 9

antimicrobial therapy

Answer 9

kills or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans). Antimicrobial medications either kill pathogens or prevent their growth. Give anthelmintics for worm infestations.

Question 10

fire response vs fire extinguisher

Answer 10

-RACE: rescue, alarm, contain/confine, extinguish
-PASS: pull, aim, squeeze, sweep

Question 11

Virulence

Answer 11

the ability of a pathogen to invade the host and cause disease

Question 12

what kind of cells causes an inflammatory response?

Answer 12

-Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages), the complement system, and interferons are involved.
-An inflammatory response localizes the area of microbial invasion and prevents its spread.

Question 13

specific adaptive immunity

Answer 13

-Allows the body to make antibodies in response to a foreign organism (antigen)
-Requires time to react to antigens
-Provides permanent immunity due to memory of past exposures
-Involves B and T lymphocytes
-Produces specific antibodies against specific antigens (immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)

Question 14

what is ESR

Answer 14

-Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): The rate at which red blood cells settle out of plasma.
-An elevated ESR is an indicator of an active inflammatory process or infection (expected reference range is 15 to 20 mm/hr).
-An increase indicates an active inflammatory process or infection.

Question 15

what is immunoglobulin electrophoresis

Answer 15

-Determines the presence and quantity of specific immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM)
-Used to detect hypersensitivity disorders, autoimmune disorders, chronic viral infections, immunodeficiency, multiple myeloma, intrauterine infections