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Exercise Science :) > Athletic Training > Flashcards

Athletic Training Flashcards

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1
Q

defined as physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external force

A

trauma

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2
Q

what changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter?

A

force or mechanical energy

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3
Q

external force acting on internal structures

A

load

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4
Q

change in shape of a tissue

A

deformation

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5
Q

internal resistance to an external load

A

stress

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6
Q

extent of deformation under loading

A

strain

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7
Q

return to original shape following deformation

A

elasticity

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8
Q

failure to return to original shape after load removed

A

plasticity

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9
Q

ability to resist load

A

stiffness

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10
Q

deformation that occurs with application of constant load over time

A

creep

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11
Q

elastic limit of tissue

A

yield point

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12
Q

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain leading to breakdown

A

mechanical failure (point of ultimate failure)

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13
Q

external loads applied toward one another on opposite surface in opposite directions

A

compression

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14
Q

equal and opposite external loads that pull the structure apart

A

tension

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15
Q

equal but not directly opposite loads applied to opposing surfaces, forcing to move in parallel directions relative to one another

A

shear

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16
Q

loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends

A

torsion

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17
Q

two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure

A

bending

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18
Q

an example of an acute injury

A

bone fracture

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19
Q

an example of chronic injury

A

osteoporosis of bone

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20
Q

a condition when symptoms appear and change or worse rapidly; severe and sudden onset of symptoms

A

acute

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21
Q

a condition that develops and worsens over an extended period of time

A

chronic

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22
Q

type of injury involving immediate pain, swelling, inability to use the injured body part

A

traumatic injury

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23
Q

type of injury that is violent and sudden, such as sprains, lacerations, torn ligaments, pulled muscles, or broken bones caused by a fall.

A

traumatic injury

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24
Q

type of injury that is more common and develop over a long period of time from mild or low-grade repeated stress

A

overuse injury

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25
Q

example of traumatic injury

A

a direct blow

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26
Q

example of overuse injury

A

repetitive dynamic use over time

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27
Q

active components of injury classifcation

A

muscle and tendon

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28
Q

passive components of injury classification

A

joint, ligament, connective tissue

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29
Q

overstretched by tension, or forced to contract against too much resistance, separation or tearing of the muscle fibers occurs. may range from minute separation of connective tissue to complete musculotendinous avulsion or muscle rupture.

A

muscle strains

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30
Q

some of the fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active ROM, movement painful but full range present

A

grade I of muscle strain

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31
Q

a number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result. ROM decreased due to pain

A

grade II of muscle strain

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32
Q

complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage

A

grade III of muscle strain

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33
Q

folowing injury, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of motion

A

muscle guarding

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34
Q

a reflex reaction caused by trauma to the musculoskeletal system

A

spasms

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35
Q

the two types of muscle spasm

A

clonic and tonic

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36
Q

alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession

A

clonic muscle spasm

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37
Q

rigid contraction that lasts a period of time

A

tonic muscle spasm

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38
Q

overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain

A

muscle soreness

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39
Q

when does muscle soreness occur?

A

following participation in activity that individual is unaccustomed

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40
Q

what are symptoms of muscle soreness

A

increased muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, reduced ROM, resistance to stretching

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41
Q

how to prevent muscle soreness?

A

prevent soreness through gradual build-up of intensity

42
Q

two types of soreness

A

acute-onset muscle soreness

delayed onset muscle soreness

43
Q

type of soreness that accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise

A

acute onset muscle soreness

44
Q

type of muscle soreness. pain that occurs 24-48 hours following activity that gradually subsides

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

45
Q

tears in a tendon generally occurs where?

A

the musculotendinous junction or bony attachment and not tendon itself.

46
Q

how to care and prevent and tendon injury?

A

reduce pain, avoid further tearing of the tendon, encourage regeneration of the damaged tendon.

47
Q

repetitive stress on tendon will result in…

A

microtrauma and elongation

48
Q

overuse/repetitive injury onset. gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes.

A

tendinitis

49
Q

symptoms of tendinitis

A

obvious signs of warmth, swelling, and pain. tendon becomes irritated and inflamed.

50
Q

the breakdown of a tendon without inflammation

A

tendinosis

51
Q

how does tendinosis occur?

A

without proper healing conditions

52
Q

inflammation of a tendon and its snynovial sheath

A

tenosynovitis

53
Q

what causes tenosynovitis?

A

caused due to increased friction and decreased space through which they move.

54
Q

acute case of tenosynovitis

A

rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling

55
Q

chronic case of tenosynovitis

A

thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus

56
Q

another word for bruise

A

contusions

57
Q

discrete, hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia. classified as latent or active

A

trigger points

58
Q

type of trigger point that does not cause spontanuous pain and may restrict movement

A

latent trigger point

59
Q

type of trigger point that elicits a jump sign, with crying out, wincing or withdrawing from the stimulus.

A

active trigger point

60
Q

wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve fuctioning.

A

atrophy

61
Q

an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch

A

contracture

62
Q

a joint that has both articular carilage and a fibous connective tissue capsule

A

synovial joints

63
Q

result of traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue

A

ligament sprains

64
Q

some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness

A

grade I ligament sprain

65
Q

pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers

A

grade II ligament sprain

66
Q

extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swelling

A

grade III ligament sprain

67
Q

partial dislocations causing incomplete separation of two bones. bones come back together in alignment

A

subluxation

68
Q

separation of bony articulating surfaces

A

dislocation

69
Q

wearing away of hyaline cartilage as a result of normal use. commonly affects weight bearing joints but can also impact shoulders and cervical spine

A

osteoarthritis

70
Q

symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

pain, stiffness, prominent morning pain, localized tenderness, creaking, grating

71
Q

bursa are fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction.

A

bursitis

72
Q

the result of repeated joint trauma

A

capsulitis

73
Q

can occur acutely but will also develop following mistreatment of joint injury. can occur chronicly resulting in edema and exudation

A

synovitis

74
Q

functions of bone

A

body support, organ protection, movement, calcium storage, and formation of blood cells.

75
Q

types of bone

A

flat (skull, ribs), irregular (vertebrae), short (wrist ankle), long (humerus, ulna femur)

76
Q

most commonly injured type of bone

A

long bones

77
Q

shaft, covered by compact/cortical bone, meduallary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum

A

diaphysis

78
Q

composed of cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone and has hyaline cartiliage covering

A

epiphysis

79
Q

dens, white fibrous covering. contains blood vessels and osteoblasts

A

periosteum

80
Q

bone fracture where there is little movement or displacement

A

closed fracture

81
Q

bone fracture involving displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue

A

open fracture

82
Q

signs/symptoms of bone fracture

A

deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, pain on active and passive movements, possible crepitus,

83
Q

bone penetrates the skin

A

open fracture

84
Q

bone doesn’t penetrate skin

A

closed fracture

85
Q

fragmented into many pieces

A

comminuted

86
Q

tendon or ligament pulls bone away

A

avulsion fracture

87
Q

incomplete fracture, common in children, sometimes seen with bowing

A

greenstick fracture

88
Q

ragged break caused by excessive twisting, seen in injuries of abuse

A

spiral fracture

89
Q

bone fragment is driven into the medullary space of the other part

A

impacted fracture

90
Q

the three phases of the healing process

A

inflammatory response, fibroblastic repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase

91
Q

once tissue is injured, the process of healing begins immediately.

A

inflammatory response phase

92
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), color (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function)

93
Q

the steps of inflammatory response phase

A

injury to cell
chemical mediators liberated (histamine, leukotrienes, cytokines)
vascular reaction (vasoconstriction, vasodilation, exudate creates stasis)
platelets and leukocytes adhere to vascular wall
phagocytosis
clot formation

94
Q

scar formation (begins within the first few days and last as long as 4-6 weeks). blood vessels regrow and granulation tissue forms in this phase

A

fibroblastic repair phase

95
Q

long term process, may require several years to complete. continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen = increased strength. epithelium regenerates, and connective tissue fibrosis occurs.

A

maturation and remodeling phase

96
Q

limited capacity to heal, little or no direct blood supply,

A

cartilage healing

97
Q

full healing may require 12 months, follows similar healing course as other vascular tissues. repair phase will involve random laying down of collagen which, as scar forms, will mature and realign in reaction to joint stresses and strain

A

ligament healing

98
Q

factors that will affect ligament healing

A

exercised ligaments are stronger
surgically repaired ligaments tend to be stronger due to decreased scar formation
muscles must be strengthened to reinforce the joint

99
Q

collagen will mature and orient along lines of tension, lasting 6-8 weeks

A

skeletal muscle healing

100
Q

requires dense fibrous union of separated ends

A

tendon healing

101
Q

nerve cell cannot regenerate after injury. however, regeneration can take place with a nerve fiber, when the myelin sheath is intact.

A

nerve healing

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