Athletic Training Flashcards
defined as physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external force
trauma
what changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter?
force or mechanical energy
external force acting on internal structures
load
change in shape of a tissue
deformation
internal resistance to an external load
stress
extent of deformation under loading
strain
return to original shape following deformation
elasticity
failure to return to original shape after load removed
plasticity
ability to resist load
stiffness
deformation that occurs with application of constant load over time
creep
elastic limit of tissue
yield point
exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain leading to breakdown
mechanical failure (point of ultimate failure)
external loads applied toward one another on opposite surface in opposite directions
compression
equal and opposite external loads that pull the structure apart
tension
equal but not directly opposite loads applied to opposing surfaces, forcing to move in parallel directions relative to one another
shear
loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends
torsion
two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
bending
an example of an acute injury
bone fracture
an example of chronic injury
osteoporosis of bone
a condition when symptoms appear and change or worse rapidly; severe and sudden onset of symptoms
acute
a condition that develops and worsens over an extended period of time
chronic
type of injury involving immediate pain, swelling, inability to use the injured body part
traumatic injury
type of injury that is violent and sudden, such as sprains, lacerations, torn ligaments, pulled muscles, or broken bones caused by a fall.
traumatic injury
type of injury that is more common and develop over a long period of time from mild or low-grade repeated stress
overuse injury
example of traumatic injury
a direct blow
example of overuse injury
repetitive dynamic use over time
active components of injury classifcation
muscle and tendon
passive components of injury classification
joint, ligament, connective tissue
overstretched by tension, or forced to contract against too much resistance, separation or tearing of the muscle fibers occurs. may range from minute separation of connective tissue to complete musculotendinous avulsion or muscle rupture.
muscle strains
some of the fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active ROM, movement painful but full range present
grade I of muscle strain
a number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result. ROM decreased due to pain
grade II of muscle strain
complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage
grade III of muscle strain
folowing injury, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of motion
muscle guarding
a reflex reaction caused by trauma to the musculoskeletal system
spasms
the two types of muscle spasm
clonic and tonic
alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession
clonic muscle spasm
rigid contraction that lasts a period of time
tonic muscle spasm
overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain
muscle soreness
when does muscle soreness occur?
following participation in activity that individual is unaccustomed
what are symptoms of muscle soreness
increased muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, reduced ROM, resistance to stretching
how to prevent muscle soreness?
prevent soreness through gradual build-up of intensity
two types of soreness
acute-onset muscle soreness
delayed onset muscle soreness
type of soreness that accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise
acute onset muscle soreness
type of muscle soreness. pain that occurs 24-48 hours following activity that gradually subsides
delayed onset muscle soreness
tears in a tendon generally occurs where?
the musculotendinous junction or bony attachment and not tendon itself.
how to care and prevent and tendon injury?
reduce pain, avoid further tearing of the tendon, encourage regeneration of the damaged tendon.
repetitive stress on tendon will result in…
microtrauma and elongation
overuse/repetitive injury onset. gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes.
tendinitis
symptoms of tendinitis
obvious signs of warmth, swelling, and pain. tendon becomes irritated and inflamed.
the breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
tendinosis
how does tendinosis occur?
without proper healing conditions
inflammation of a tendon and its snynovial sheath
tenosynovitis
what causes tenosynovitis?
caused due to increased friction and decreased space through which they move.
acute case of tenosynovitis
rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling
chronic case of tenosynovitis
thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus
another word for bruise
contusions
discrete, hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia. classified as latent or active
trigger points
type of trigger point that does not cause spontanuous pain and may restrict movement
latent trigger point
type of trigger point that elicits a jump sign, with crying out, wincing or withdrawing from the stimulus.
active trigger point
wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve fuctioning.
atrophy
an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch
contracture
a joint that has both articular carilage and a fibous connective tissue capsule
synovial joints
result of traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue
ligament sprains
some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness
grade I ligament sprain
pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers
grade II ligament sprain
extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swelling
grade III ligament sprain
partial dislocations causing incomplete separation of two bones. bones come back together in alignment
subluxation
separation of bony articulating surfaces
dislocation
wearing away of hyaline cartilage as a result of normal use. commonly affects weight bearing joints but can also impact shoulders and cervical spine
osteoarthritis
symptoms of osteoarthritis
pain, stiffness, prominent morning pain, localized tenderness, creaking, grating
bursa are fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction.
bursitis
the result of repeated joint trauma
capsulitis
can occur acutely but will also develop following mistreatment of joint injury. can occur chronicly resulting in edema and exudation
synovitis
functions of bone
body support, organ protection, movement, calcium storage, and formation of blood cells.
types of bone
flat (skull, ribs), irregular (vertebrae), short (wrist ankle), long (humerus, ulna femur)
most commonly injured type of bone
long bones
shaft, covered by compact/cortical bone, meduallary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum
diaphysis
composed of cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone and has hyaline cartiliage covering
epiphysis
dens, white fibrous covering. contains blood vessels and osteoblasts
periosteum
bone fracture where there is little movement or displacement
closed fracture
bone fracture involving displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue
open fracture
signs/symptoms of bone fracture
deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, pain on active and passive movements, possible crepitus,
bone penetrates the skin
open fracture
bone doesn’t penetrate skin
closed fracture
fragmented into many pieces
comminuted
tendon or ligament pulls bone away
avulsion fracture
incomplete fracture, common in children, sometimes seen with bowing
greenstick fracture
ragged break caused by excessive twisting, seen in injuries of abuse
spiral fracture
bone fragment is driven into the medullary space of the other part
impacted fracture
the three phases of the healing process
inflammatory response, fibroblastic repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase
once tissue is injured, the process of healing begins immediately.
inflammatory response phase
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), color (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function)
the steps of inflammatory response phase
injury to cell
chemical mediators liberated (histamine, leukotrienes, cytokines)
vascular reaction (vasoconstriction, vasodilation, exudate creates stasis)
platelets and leukocytes adhere to vascular wall
phagocytosis
clot formation
scar formation (begins within the first few days and last as long as 4-6 weeks). blood vessels regrow and granulation tissue forms in this phase
fibroblastic repair phase
long term process, may require several years to complete. continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen = increased strength. epithelium regenerates, and connective tissue fibrosis occurs.
maturation and remodeling phase
limited capacity to heal, little or no direct blood supply,
cartilage healing
full healing may require 12 months, follows similar healing course as other vascular tissues. repair phase will involve random laying down of collagen which, as scar forms, will mature and realign in reaction to joint stresses and strain
ligament healing
factors that will affect ligament healing
exercised ligaments are stronger
surgically repaired ligaments tend to be stronger due to decreased scar formation
muscles must be strengthened to reinforce the joint
collagen will mature and orient along lines of tension, lasting 6-8 weeks
skeletal muscle healing
requires dense fibrous union of separated ends
tendon healing
nerve cell cannot regenerate after injury. however, regeneration can take place with a nerve fiber, when the myelin sheath is intact.
nerve healing
