Atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease

Question 1

What are modifiable risk factors for Cardiovascular disease?

Answer 1

Smoking
Lipids intake
Blood pressure
Diabetes
Obesity
Sedentary Lifestyle

Question 2

What are non-modifiable factors for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 2

Age
Sex
Genetic Background

Question 3

What are factors that together significantly increase the risk in order?

Answer 3

Smoking
Hypertesion
High cholesterol

Question 4

Why is atherosclerosis focal?

Structure and develpment

Question 5

What are the main cell types involved and what are their roles?

Answer 5

Vascular endothelial cells
Barrier function (e.g. to lipoproteins)
Leukocyte recruitment

Platelets
Thrombus generation
Cytokine and growth factor release

Monocyte - macrophages
Foam cell formation
Cytokine and growth factor release
Major source of free radicals
Metalloproteinases

Vascular smooth muscle cells
Migration and proliferation
Collagen synthesis
Remodelling & fibrous cap formation

T lymphocytes
Macrophage activation - CD4 Th1
Macrophage de-activation - CD4 Treg
VSMC death - CD8 CTL
B-cell / Antibody help - CD44 Th2

Question 6

What are patients at a high risk of atherosclerosis complications injected with?

Answer 6

Antibodies to interleukin-1

Question 7

What is an example of a mechanism that connects lipids and inflammation in atherosclerosis?

Answer 7

Cholesterol crystal formation