atherosclerosis:

Question 1

ischaemia =

Answer 1

cut off blood supply

= damage and death of cells
= release of cell enzymes from dead cells

Question 2

Macrophage Functions in Atherogenesis:

Answer 2

penetration and activation to promote foam cell formation

Question 3

atherosclerosis =

Answer 3

• is the accumulation of fatty material inside arteries leading to the formation of a plaque
• when the cap bursts it leads to inflammation and thrombosis = a blood clot forms, blocking the artery

Question 4

angina =

Answer 4

pain in chest

Question 5

claudication =

Answer 5

cramping pain in leg

Question 6

secondary prevention:

Answer 6

statins
aspirin
angiotensin inhibitors
beta blockers

Question 7

cardiac interventions:

Answer 7

heart transplant

valve repair - stent with balloon angioplasty

Question 8

cerebral stroke =

Answer 8

blockage of cerebral artery causes cell death

Question 9

80% of strokes are..

Answer 9

ishemic

= thrombus/blood clot blocks flow of blood to brain

or

= embolism (fatty plaque/blood clot) breaks away and flows to block artery in brain

Question 10

20% of strokes are…

Answer 10

haemorrhagic = aneurysm (break in blood vessel) in brain

Question 11

mitochondrial diseases =

Answer 11

genetic - maternal inheritance

lead to primary defect in oxidation phosphorylation

no cure, progressive nature

Question 12

Nuclear gene defects causing…

Answer 12

multiple mitochondrial OXPHOS abnormalities

Question 13

treatment for mitochondrial disease…

Answer 13

1. Increasing mt biogenesis – may restore OXPHOS function
2. Promoting respiratory efficiency or mt protein synthesis
3. Restoring mtDNA homeostasis
4. Shifting mtDNA heteroplasmy – genome editing: e.g. TALENs , CRISPR-Cas-9