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CiA > Athens > Flashcards

Athens Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Perikles?

A

One of the most famous generals statesmen of Athens in the second half of the 5th century BC.

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2
Q

What was Perikles greatest achievement?

A

He is credited with the buildings on the Acropolis of Athens.

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3
Q

What was the Alkmeonids?

A

One of the Aristocratic houses of Athens

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4
Q

Who was Peisistratos?

A

A tyrant of Athens in the 6th century BC. He had two sons called Hipparchos and Hippias.

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5
Q

Name two major houses of Athens

A

Alkmeonids, Peisistradids

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6
Q

What is the polis?

A

Ancient term for a city or more accurately a city state.

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7
Q

What sections did the polis contain?

A

Asty- Urban core

Chora- Countryside

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8
Q

What was ostracism?

A

Democratic institution whereby votes could be cast to exile public figures.

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9
Q

What was a stoa?

A

A long colonnaded walkway, like an arcade or galleria.

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10
Q

What was the prytaneion?

A

Town hall and meeting place of the council.

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11
Q

Who are the demos?

A

The people or the voting citizens.

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12
Q

Where was Athens located?

A
  • A polis situated in Attica.

- Was not the only polis in Attica but became the most powerful over time.

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13
Q

What physical advantages did Athens have?

A
  • Good port
  • Rocky outcrop
  • Acropolis
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14
Q

How can we identify archaeological parks?

A
  • They are generally the large green areas on maps.
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15
Q

Give a limitation of models?

A

Sometimes if they have been cleaned up or flattened, they may give a misleading impression of the landscape.

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16
Q

What might we associate the Bronze age of Athens with?

A
  • Famous heroes and myths such as Theseus.
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17
Q

Was the polis democratic?

A

In theory

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18
Q

What famous writer were there in the 7th century BC?

A
  • Homer

- Hesiod

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19
Q

What happened in the 7th century in terms of art?

A

This is considered the beginning of sculpture and monument temple building.

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20
Q

Was there a population decrease in the 7th century?

A

In this period, there seems to be a decrease in the number of burials and settlements. However, this is thought mostly to be a change in social structure.

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21
Q

When was the greatest amount of development in Athens?

A

The 7th and 6th centuries

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22
Q

What did Drako and Solon do?

A

They were early law makers in the 7th and 6th centuries. However, their policies increased tension between the classes.

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23
Q

What was different to our modern perception of temples in the 7th and 6th centuries?

A

They were made out of mud brick rather than stone.

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24
Q

What were some key issues in the 7th and 6th centuries?

A
  • Land ownership
  • Debt
  • Slavery
  • Power reforms
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25
Q

When did stone temples first begin to appear?

A

From 600BC first appearance of stone temples and statues (kouros and kore) with a distinct Attic style.

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26
Q

What happened to Athen’s pottery output in the 6th century?

A
  • Increases dramatically
  • Black figure becomes a favoured product
  • Overtakes Corinth’s pottery in popularity
  • Artists begin to sign their work
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27
Q

Give an example of a famous piece of pottery?

A
  • The Sophilos Dinos
  • Used for wine
  • Signed by Sophilos
  • Early 6th century
  • Found in Italy
  • British museum
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28
Q

What was the relationship like between different poleis?

A

There was an intense amount of competition.

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29
Q

When was the Peisistratid period?

A
  • 561-510BC

- Associated with the tyrant Peisistratos

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30
Q

What did the word Tyrant mean in Ancient Greece?

A
  • Implied someone who had gained power unconstitutionally
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31
Q

Give a brief history of how Peisistratos got power?

A
  • Acquired power in 561BC

- Was removed from power but regained it in 556 BC and again in 546BC with the support of other aristocratic families.

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32
Q

What happened to the transfer of power in the Peisistratid period?

A
  • It became dynastic
  • Doesn’t mean inherited but continued
  • Similar to the Bushes in America
  • Hippias and Hipparchos
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33
Q

What were the cultural legacies of the Peisistratid period?

A
  • Consolidating Homeric poems
  • Instituting the Panathenaic Festival- the grand festival held every 4 years with games, contests, processions and sacrifices.
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34
Q

What were some of the advantages of religious festivities?

A
  • Community coherence and identity formation through performance.
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35
Q

How did religious festivities affect space?

A
  • Spaces acquire monuments which invite interaction and in turn affect the community
  • in this sense they define the city.
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36
Q

What is the name of one of the Peisistratid Acropolis monuments?

A

The Bluebeard Pediment

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37
Q

What kind of monuments were used on the Acropolis?

A

Lots of references to heroes such as Herakles identifiable by his lion skin cape.

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38
Q

How would the aristocracy promote their position?

A

Claiming to be descended from famous heroes or gods.

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39
Q

Describe building F

A
  • Controversy over function
  • Looks vaguely domestic and many think it is the Peisistratid palace.
  • Others have suggested that it might be a public building.
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40
Q

Who built the city walls of Athens?

A
  • the ‘Peisistratids’ is most widely accepted.

- J. Travlos has suggested the Solonian period.

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41
Q

When did democracy emerge in Athens?

A
  • debated
  • Some say resulted from a slow process of reforms in the 6th century
  • Others argue a sudden revolution
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42
Q

What happened in 541BC in Athens?

A
  • The son of Peisistratos, Hipparchos was killed in a quarrel with two other aristocrats from rival families.
  • His brother Hippias continued in power but was said to be very cruel.
  • Hippias was then expelled by the Spartans who potentially wanted to gain control of Athens.
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43
Q

What happened in 508BC regarding the constitution?

A
  • Kleisthenes an Alkmaeonid and rival of the Peisistradids introduced changes according to Aristotle.
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44
Q

What was the constitution like before the reforms of 508BC?

A
  • Populace divided into 4 tribes cross cut by three regions
  • Council (boule) of 400 members with 100 members from each tribe.
  • HQ at a building in old agora or potentially in building F.
  • 9 archons- elected chief offices like the cabinet
  • Assembly of the people
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45
Q

What was the constitution like after the reforms of 508BC?

A
  • Still archons but with less power
  • Better organised assembly
  • Council of 500- 50 elected from each tribe.
  • One general from each tribe
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46
Q

What results did the constitutional reforms of 508BC have on Athens?

A
  • Cross cut old alliances
  • Different tribal affiliations
  • Less aristocratic hold
  • Consolidated state territory
  • Defined Athens/Attica
  • No chance to become own polis
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47
Q

Outline the Persian encounters with Athens

A
  • 499BC- the new Athenian state aids the Ionians in revolt against the Persian empire
  • 490BC- King Darius aims to punish the rebellious Greeks but Persians defeated at Battle of Marathon in Attica.
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48
Q

Who was Themistokles?

A
  • Not an aristocrat
  • Archon in 493BC
  • Fought at Marathon
  • Forged Piraeus as a port and encouraged the idea of a nava fleet.
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49
Q

What was one of the results of moving main port from Phalerum to Piraeus?

A
  • Thought to have accelerated use of and defined the new agora.
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50
Q

What event happened in 480BC

A
  • Xerxes the Persian king launched a massive attack 10 years after the Battle of Marathon and Athens is razed with massive destruction in the Agora and on the Acropolis.
  • The Persians are defeated within a couple of years.
  • Athens’ walls were rapidly rebuilt but destruction defined the city.
  • Many materials were reused in reconstruction.
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51
Q

What additions were made to the agora after the invasion by Persia?

A
  • Stoas e.g. SToa Poikle

- New Bouleuterion

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52
Q

Who was the first person to be ostracised?

A
  • Xanthippos, the father of Perikles was ostracised in 484BC.
  • Themistokles ostracised his opponent but this also happened to him later.
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53
Q

What defines the Peisistratid period?

A
  • Reform and nucleation
  • Democracy, assembly buildings, defences, infrastructure, images of state and demos set a model for Greco-Roman cities.
  • Trying to make Athens great
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54
Q

How can we define the city?

A
  • Type of architecture- buildings and spaces
  • Walling
  • Images e.g. coins
  • Practice and performance- large festivals, monument interactions etc.
  • Extent of power
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55
Q

How does the famous painter represent Athens in his painting ‘Segnatura of the Vatican’?

A
  • Ideas of a golden age, vision of utopia, idealised past.
56
Q

What does the ‘Assemblage of Works of Art’ by Stephanoff tell us about the perception of Greek culture?

A
  • Parthenon sculptures are shown at the top- represented as the apex of civilisation
  • Asian at the bottom, then Egyptian
  • Art is shown as a measure of evolutionary development of society.
57
Q

What happened to the Greek Acropolis after they declared independence?

A
  • Older medieval and Ottoman empire buildings were torn down to leave the architecture of Greece’s golden age.
58
Q

When did construction begin on the Parthenon?

A
  • 447 BC by Perikles

- Was part of a new vision of Athenian cult and power.

59
Q

What happened under Perikles?

A
  • Athens continued to become more imperialistic
  • Allies and enemies began to consider Athens as an empire.
  • Treasury of Delian League controversially moved to Athens in 454BC
60
Q

What is remarkable about the Parthenon?

A
  • Was not the biggest temple- actually relatively small- they could have built bigger
  • First temple built entirely of marble
  • Allies didn’t like that Athens used only its own resources to build it.
61
Q

What was interesting about the architecture of the Parthenon?

A
  • Doric order- columns with plain, round capitals
  • Columns were curved as did the base of the columns.
  • Wanted to inspire similar temple building
62
Q

What was the Athena Parthenos?

A
  • Phidias’ gold and ivory statue
  • Same person who made the Zeus of Olympia statue which was later listed as one of the wonders of the world.
  • Statue reconstructed from literature and Roman marble copies.
63
Q

What was different to the Parthenon built after Marathon?

A
  • Considerably wider

- Potentially planned for statue.

64
Q

What was the Parthenon frieze?

A

Two friezes

  • One around the outside was doric with myths- battles with centaurs, giants and amazons, fall of troy
  • Second around cella is most iconic and is a continuous ionic frieze
65
Q

What debates surround the frieze?

A
  • Who designed it- no evidence for Phidias
  • Difficult to see from below- Point?
  • Arguments about importance- elgin marbles
66
Q

How did the entrance through the walled city built in 437BC by Iktinos differ from the archaic one?

A
  • It was a focal point, with a massive entrance and more about the procession and acropolis in general general.
  • Framing of experience.
  • Entrance was made less angled and more forward facing.
67
Q

Give another temple in Athens?

A
  • The small ionic temple of Athena Nike, 420 BC

- Was renewed as a victory monument during the Peloponnesian Wars.

68
Q

What usually decorated friezes?

A
  • Included mythical but also contemporary battles
69
Q

Where did the doric style come from?

A
  • Mainland
70
Q

Where did the Ionic style come from?

A
  • Ionia Corinthian

- East Greece/Asia minor

71
Q

What architectural style did the Parthenon use?

A
  • It used ionic columns on the interior but doric on the outside.
72
Q

What was the Erechtheion?

A
  • Built around 420BC
  • Ionic and unusual in design
  • Next to the Athena Polias
  • Thought that it may have incorporated a new temple of Athena or at least housed the statue.
  • North porch side- spring of Poseidon and olive tree- gifts
73
Q

Name some other ‘Periklean’ buildings?

A
  • Eleusis- shrine of Demeter
  • Rhamnous- Temple of Nemesis
  • Sounion- Temples of Poseidon and Athena
74
Q

What was the Odeion of Perikles?

A
  • Music hall
75
Q

What was good culturally in 5th century Athens?

A
  • Period of drama and festival

- Theatre of Dionysus.

76
Q

What happened to Athens after the Macedonian conquest?

A
  • Athens lost much of its political power after it was devastated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War
  • Lull in public building in 4th century BC.
  • Rise of Macedonia under Phillip II- Phillip assassinated and Alexander the Great continued his incursions into Asia Minor.
  • New building project under Lykourgos themed on Golden age and the desire to return to prominence.
77
Q

Talk about the theatre of Dionysus

A
  • Possibly based on other theatres in Demes

- 4th century theatre held 15-17,000 spectators- major phenomenon of theatre going.

78
Q

What was the monument of the Eponymous `heroes

A
  • Built second half of 4th century
  • Important focal point in Agora- not many statues at the time.
  • Statues become more frequent later especially in the Roman period.
79
Q

How did people gain political power?

A
  • Politicians generally needed a sponsor like an ancient hero in order to gain power and influence.
80
Q

Summarise the Hellenistic period (post Alexander)

A
  • Empire split into rival kingdoms and run by his generals
  • 3rd century- wars of Ptolemies and Antigonids
  • Signs of abandonment of deme settlements
  • Antigonus and his son Demetrius were made eponymous heroes- new statues and tribes
  • Ptolemy III made a tribal hero with statue.
  • New gymnasium built Ptolemy
81
Q

Who were the Attalids?

A
  • Independent Hellenistic Kingdom founded by Attalids
  • Attalos defeated invading Gauls
  • Set up numerous statues celebrating this in Pergaman and smaller versions on the acropolis.
82
Q

Describe the stoas built by the Attalids

A
  • Stoas became a way to make a good impression on a city.
  • Attalids built some of the most imposing stoas in Athens
  • Common during Hellenistic period and defined public spaces.
83
Q

Describe the stoas of Eumenes

A
  • Double storied- Doric on bottom, ionic on top, a system often followed after.
  • Pergamene inside at the top
  • Made of imported Pergamene marble.
  • Used imported engineers and builders
84
Q

How did stoas transform the Agora?

A
  • Middle Stoa and then South Stoa II created a new separate square: South Square
  • Middle Stoa had no walls but might have acted as a fence between columns.
85
Q

What was the feeling of the South square?

A
  • Possibly commercial or legal

- Ceremonial feel of space.

86
Q

What impact did the Roman conquest have on Athens?

A
  • Rome became increasingly involved with Rome in Late Republic Hellenistic period
  • Rome was increasingly planting colonies and provinces
  • Rome was potentially more impacted by Greece than Greece by Rome
  • Roman awe of Athens classical past.
87
Q

What additions did the Romans make to Athens?

A
  • Roman monuments were quite Athenian and blended into the landscape.
  • Small and unobtrusive temples- temple of Rome and Augustus
88
Q

How might Greece have impacted on Rome? Give a specific example

A
  • Forum of Augustus potentially modelled on the Acropolis
89
Q

What was the Odeion of Agrippa?

A
  • Music hall
  • Built in the name of Agrippa in 15 BC
  • One of the most dominating structures in the Agora.
  • Collapse of rood in 150 AD- changed to smaller lecture hall
  • Mansion built on the site in the 5th century AD
90
Q

Give a summary of Hadrian’s Athens

A
  • Hadrian- 117- 138AD- Approx 100 years after Augustus

- Didn’t asset himself architecturally in the city.

91
Q

Who was Herodes Attikos?

A
  • One of the biggest benefactors of the city.
  • Served in numerous public offices and was also a teacher.
  • Claimed lineage from early kings of Athens including Theseus
  • Likened to a tyrant by Philostratos
  • Renovated stadium in 140 AD which was used for the olympics in modern day Greece.
92
Q

Describe the Odeion of Herodes Attikos

A
  • Music hall seating 5000
  • Built from 160 AD in memory of his wife.
  • May have replaced Odeion of Agrippa
  • Massive timbers imported from Lebanese cedar timbers
  • Mistaken for Dionysius Theatre
  • Good for tourism
  • Considered an engineering feat
  • Used for musical events and theatre today
  • People claimed Attias was increasing his own fame rather than helping Athens.
93
Q

How did the super rich of Athens live?

A
  • Grand villas and estates in the countryside.
  • Leisured learning, gardens, libraries and baths
  • Large disparity in wealth
  • Had a duty to provide amenities for citizens which was important for the community and stability
  • Conspicuous consumption was against the democratic ideal that Athens was mean to be based on.
94
Q

What was needed in a classical city?

A
  • A hinterland, especially a ‘polis’
  • Sanctuaries and temples
  • Public civic architecture
  • Meeting houses
  • Theatres, game facilities
  • Baths in Roman times
95
Q

What was Athens like by the Hellenistic period?

A
  • A lot of Athens’ amenities had been established- ‘furniture of the polis’
96
Q

Give an early example of grid city planning?

A
  • Megaera Hyblaia, Sicily
  • Earliest habitation now thought to be unplanned scatter of buildings.
  • Archaic period (7th century) already a large open area like an agora
97
Q

Describe grid planning

A
  • Ordered planning apparent in Greek colony cities
  • Grid planning and an agora with stoas implies early public life and potentially the importance of big open spaces e.g. Markets.
98
Q

Describe the grid plan in Miletus

A
  • Possibly already slightly grid plan but more extensively done after being sacked by Persians in 492BC. Plan here is an extrapolation from small samples of areas though.
99
Q

Describe the port of Piraeus

A
  • Some indication of grid plan with main and minor streets and large blocks.
  • Lost of Horos (boundary stones) associated with defining the agora- possibly more about zoning.
100
Q

Describe the city of Olynthos

A
  • North hill sector built in 432BC
  • Villa sector to East added late 5th and 4th centuries BC
  • Largely abandoned after sack by Phillip II in 348BC
101
Q

Describe the city of Priene

A
  • Located just north of Miletos in Ionia
  • City moved in 350 BC
  • On steep hill
  • Preserved its form through Roman period.
102
Q

Why wasn’t a grid plan used in Athens?

A
  • Possibly not considered necessary when major developments were taking place.
  • Landownership did not allow for grid plans because of tract ownership and traditional routes and space= a part of Athens identity.
103
Q

What was housing like in Athens?

A
  • Grid plan good for housing estates.
  • Houses much more irregular in Athens because of lack of grid plan
  • Knowledge of housing in Athens is much less than say Olynthos or Priene
104
Q

What is the evidence like for housing in Athens?

A
  • Some evidence for classical houses from agora

- Limited evidence generally

105
Q

What do we know about houses C and D in Athens?

A
  • They were remodelled and joined in the 4th century
  • D contained fragments of bronze and bits of slag- possibly used as a smithy in this second phase.
  • House c was residential
106
Q

Describe the gendered Greek house

A
  • Greek houses didn’t generally use arias
  • Describes a specific and wealthy house , with an impressive courtyard
  • Vitruvius says this
  • Xenophon implies that the women’s quarters are in an inner chamber of the house.
107
Q

Describe the houses of Mikion and Menon and the House of Simon

A
  • Dated between 275 and 275 BC

- Evidence of use for income (crafts) bone tool found etc.

108
Q

What was one of the major crafts in Athens?

A
  • Pottery
  • Related to vibrant life of the town
  • Sometimes difficult to interpret image choices
109
Q

What is an android?

A
  • Dining room
  • From Andres meaning man which relates to the idea of male only dinner parties.
  • Recognisable by off set door
110
Q

In Olynthos describe the houses which were equipped with andirons

A
  • Lot about the houses known here
  • Largely abandoned after 348BC
  • Large scale excavations over broad area in 1930s
  • Houses were often expanded over time
111
Q

What was special about the villa of Good Fortune at Olynthos?

A
  • Two impressive mosaic rooms
112
Q

How did the role and importance of housing progress?

A
  • There was greater development of the entertainment areas of the house.
  • Part of a package of developing the home as a place of entertainment and bringing the public in.
  • Less action happening in the civic public world and more through private negotiations.
113
Q

What were the houses like on Delos?

A
  • rich array of Hellenistic peristyle houses
  • many Italian merchants
  • Important place for transfer of grand peristyle
  • Delos was an influential place where ideas were exchanged.
114
Q

What is one of the key things that a city depends on?

A
  • Water
115
Q

How was water got in the early days of Athens?

A
  • Springs and wells around the Athenian Acropolis
  • Klepsydra Spring
  • Spring at the sanctuary to Asclepius on south side of Acropolis
  • Mycenaean period spring access created from fissure in the rock of acropolis
116
Q

How was water accessed by the the Classical agora area?

A
  • Wells, cisterns and fountains indicate watering hole even early on- may have been private though
117
Q

How was water collection monumentalised in the Peisistratid period?

A
  • e.g. Southeast fountain house 520 BC
  • Aqueducts
  • Spring fountains
  • Overflow by drains
118
Q

How was water presented in art?

A
  • Literary sources tell us about the Enneakrounos a nine spouted fountain house by the River Illinois
  • Contemporary pots show women queueing to collect water- suggests impact on social lives and domestic roles.
119
Q

How did water develop between 320 and 25 BC?

A
  • The Southwest Fountain House
  • Fed by a stone aqueduct running under the street along the south of the agora.
  • At same time, cisterns increase over wells for private supplies.
  • Signs of drought and famine at the time which coincided with the Macedonian conquest.
120
Q

What unusual way was water used in Athens?

A
  • Monumental water clock next door to the Southwest fountain.
  • Showed what time it was by how much water it contained.
121
Q

How did the Romans affect the use of water in Athens?

A
  • In the Hadrianic/ Antonine period they built monumental fountains known as nymphaea.
  • Also developed aqueducts with water piped into the city from miles to the northwest.
  • There was underground and above ground sections to the aqueducts.
122
Q

What was the great drain?

A
  • System of smaller drains going into large drain, running north to Eriadnos stream.
  • Already in 6th century BC
  • Extended in 5th century BC
123
Q

Describe Gymnasia and Baths in Athens?

A
  • Gymnasia were a fundamentally Greek institution
  • Developed through 4th and 5th centuries and spread widely through Hellenistic cities.
  • Became an important part of the polis (in the way any public amenity might be now).
124
Q

What is a gymnasium?

A
  • Essentially a education and physical training centre
  • Attended by youths between 12-18
  • The academy in Athens
125
Q

What was the architectural form of gymnasia in Athens?

A
  • Evidence usually is from later examples outside of Athens

- Large colonnaded court called a palaestra with rooms which could be used for equipment storage and lessons.

126
Q

Describe baths

A
  • Some private houses, such as those at Olynthos, had terracotta hip bath tubs.
  • There were classical period bath houses in Athens but non are well preserved.
127
Q

What was a Roman Bath-Gymnasia?

A
  • A combination of the Gymnasia and the Bath house.
  • Often had a large range of facilities with a lot of space.
  • Free or very cheap for everyone
128
Q

What were the baths in Athens like?

A
  • Donated by several leaders- Hadrian, Hellenistic kings
  • Quite small rather than grand like those in Rome
  • Example is the balnea which is near the Temple of Olympeion Zeus
129
Q

What was Roman bathing in the city of Athens like?

A
  • Roman baths changed the city for all the senses
  • Stabilised Empire through ‘soft power’- discussion of business over pleasure
  • Different places at distinct bathing cultures
130
Q

Describe theatre and games in Athens?

A
  • Structures used for religious festival events- division of sacred and secular irrelevant
  • Festival of Dionysus
  • Best known tragedies and comedies of the 4th and 5th centuries.
131
Q

How was the Roman theatre different to the Greek one?

A
  • Greek type theatre preserves the small stage, the round orchestra and seating shape.
  • Roman types had a large major stage
132
Q

Describe theatre and games in the Roman period 1st century AD?

A
  • Amphitheatres for gladiatorial games and other diversions were not common in Greece and Asia Minor.
  • In some cases the Greek theatres were adapted with lowered orchestras and parapet walls.
  • Philostratos and other other writers were very disapproving of this.
133
Q

Where were cemeteries located?

A
  • Outside the city

- Kerameikos cemetery is a well-explored example

134
Q

What resource was found at Laurion?

A
  • Silver mines
  • Discovered in 5th century BC
  • Navy built using this resource
  • Produced 1000 talents a year
  • Mines leased to private companies by the Athenian state.
  • Athenian silver coins were widely exchanged through the Mediterranean
135
Q

What happened in Thorikos?

A
  • Urban town
  • Laurion mines used around 15,000 slaves
  • Water needed for washeries
  • Production in one area sets a chain reaction of jobs and industry.
136
Q

What kind of farming was most common in Athens?

A
  • Terracing indicates intensive production
  • Athens was best known for its olive oil production.
  • Debate about debate of terracing. Was it classical period or late roman?

CiA (4 decks)

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