Atchleys material

Question 1

what are the components of LPS

Answer 1

1. O-antigen
2. core polysaccharide
3. inner lipid A

Question 2

what are the proinflammatory components of endotoxin

Answer 2

TNF-alpha; IL-1

Question 3

what is released when gram + rods are lysed

Answer 3

Lipid A

Question 4

In what ways do enterotoxins cause diarrhea

Answer 4

1. prevent resorption of NaCl
2. secretion of NaCl
3. kill intestinal epethelial cells

Question 5

what is the purpose of TLR

Answer 5

initiate an immune response

Question 6

how are microbes phagocytized

Answer 6

ROS and NO

Question 7

what is the TLR for peptidiglycan

Answer 7

TLR-2

Question 8

what is the TLR for lipopolysaccharides

Answer 8

TLR-4 and CD14

Question 9

what is the TLR for flagellin

Answer 9

TLR5

Question 10

where do siderophores steal iron from

Answer 10

transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin

Question 11

What are the 4 anaerobes

Answer 11

Freaks Cant Breath Air

fusiform, clostridium, bacteroids, actinomyces

Question 12

what are the spore forming bacteria

Answer 12

ABC

actinomyces, bacillus, clostridium

Question 13

what do capsules prevent

Answer 13

phagocytosis

Question 14

what do M proteins do

Answer 14

break down C3 convertase, preventing opsonization by C3

Question 15

what bacteria uses M proteins

Answer 15

streptococcus pyogenes

Question 16

what bacteria use protein A

Answer 16

staphylococus aureus

Question 17

what does protein A do

Answer 17

binds to the Fc portion of IgG

Question 18

what are the receptors that initiate TNF ALpha and IL-1

Answer 18

TLR and CD14

Question 19

what is the active component of LPS

Answer 19

Lipid A

Question 20

LOS is found in what bacteria

Answer 20

Neisseria meningitides (lacks O antigen)

Question 21

Includes LPS and LOS, component of gram negative bacteria that is released when the cell dies and is lysed

Answer 21

endotoxin

Question 22

proteins that are secreted by bacteria and harm the host

Answer 22

exotoxin

Question 23

what are some of the effects of exotoxins

Answer 23

• inhibit protein synthesis
• increase fluid secretion
• inhibit phagocytosis
• inhibit neurotransmitter release
• lyse cell membrane
• super antigens

Question 24

what are the functions of A/B

Answer 24

a-active component/toxin

b- binding component (cell-receptor)

Question 25

what toxin is produced by coryneum diphtheria

Answer 25

diphtheria toxin

Question 26

what is the mechanism of diphtheria toxin

Answer 26

ADP-ribosylation inactivates EF-2

Question 27

pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes what exotoxin

Answer 27

exotoxin A

Question 28

T/F diptheria and pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar mechanisms

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What is a super antigen and what does it do

Answer 29

non-specifically activate MASSIVE number sof T cells; binds APC to naive T4 lymphocytes

Question 30

what are the classic symptoms of toxic shock syndrome

Answer 30

fever, shock, sunburn, diarrhea

Question 31

what is the classic bacteria that causes toxic shock

Answer 31

staphylococcus aureus; from packed wound/tampons

Question 32

what bacterial pathogen causes the body to produce anti-streptolysin ) (ASO) antibodies

Answer 32

streptococcus pyogenes

Question 33

do yeast or molds prefer warm temps

Answer 33

yeast

Question 34

how do most antifungals workl

Answer 34

target ergosterols or inhibit synthesis pathway

Question 35

binds to ergosterol

Answer 35

polyene antimycotics

Question 36

T/F primary fungal pathogens affect immunoincompetent hosts

Answer 36

false; immunocompetent

Question 37

what are the primary fungal pathogens

Answer 37

- blastomyces dermatidis - coccidioides immitis - histoplasma capsulatum - paracoccioides brasiliensis

Question 38

what is the fungi-like bacteria that produces sulfur granules

Answer 38

actinomyces israelli

Question 39

what is the bacteria like fungi that is acid-fast and commonly confused with TB

Answer 39

Nocadia asteroides

Question 40

parvoviru is an example of an

Answer 40

ssDNA virus

Question 41

which virus replicates in the cytoplasm

Answer 41

poxvirus

Question 42

which viruses have reverse transcriptase

Answer 42

Hep B and HIV

Question 43

orthomyxoviridae is involved with

Answer 43

influenza

Question 44

facilitates attachment and penetration of virus into hose cell

Answer 44

hemagluttinin

Question 45

assists the virion into entry and buddy host cell

Answer 45

neuraminidase

Question 46

what strains of the flu are the greatest risk to humans

Answer 46

H5N1 and H7N(

Question 47

what does HPV cause

Answer 47

cervial, penis, mouth, anus, throat, vaginal cancer

Question 48

causes liver cancer

Answer 48

Hep b/hep C

Question 49

what does HIV cause

Answer 49

kaposi sarcoma