AT1 Flashcards
1
Q
def of anatomy and physiology
A
Anatomy: Study of the structures of the body and their relationships
Physiology: Study of the functioning of the human body systems
2
Q
what is the axial skeleton
A
part of the skeleton that comprises the head, vertebrae and rib cage and predominantly designed for movement.
3
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton
A
Part of the skeleton that comprises the shoulder, pelvic girdle, arms and legs and predominantly designed for movement.
4
Q
what is a Synovial Joint
A
Highly moveable and found where two bones meet to allow for movement. They have a joint capsule, synovial fluid and supporting ligaments – e.g. knee, shoulder and elbow joints
5
Q
what is the Muscular System
A
A body system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle that produces movement of the body, maintains posture and helps circulate various fluids throughout the body.
6
Q
Isotonic contraction
A
Shortening and lengthening of a muscle through a joint action while under a constant load
7
Q
Concentric contraction
A
Phase of a isotonic contraction which the muscle is contracting or shortening while under tension
8
Q
Eccentric contraction
A
Phase of an isotonic contraction which the muscle is lengthening while under tension
9
Q
Isometric contraction
A
Muscle contraction without a change of length – stationary contraction
10
Q
define Linear motion
A
One dimensional motion along a straight line
11
Q
how many bones and ligaments in an adult body
A
bones - 206
joints - 360
12
Q
where is the skull
A
head
13
Q
where is the clavicle
A
collar bone
14
Q
where is the cervical vertebrae
A
neck
15
Q
where is the scapula
A
shoulder blades
16
Q
where is the humerus
A
where biceps are
17
Q
where is the sternum
A
in the middle of chest
18
Q
where is the ribs
A
protecting lungs
19
Q
where is the lumbar vertebrae
A
the lower part of vertebrae
20
Q
where is the radius
A
forearm connected to thumb
21
Q
where is the ulna
A
forearm
22
Q
where is the ilium
A
hip part of pelvis
23
Q
where is the sacrum
A
middle of pelvis
24
Q
where is the pubis
A
bottom of pelvis
25
where is the ischium
back of pelvis
26
where are the carpals
wrist
27
where are the metacarpals
in hand before fingers
28
where are your phalanges
fingers or toes
29
where is the femur
thigh
30
where is the fibula
lower leg - smaller bone
31
where is the tibia
lower leg - bigger bone
32
where is the patella
knee cap
33
where are the tarsals
ankle
34
where are the metatarsals
in foot before toes
35
where is the thoracic vertebrae
middle of vertebrae
36
what are the 4 different types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular (includes sesamoid
37
function, shape and location, and example of a long bone
shape: longer than they are wide and mainly located in arms and legs
function: act as levers, allow movement and support the weight of the body, and take most force generated by movement
E.g. Femur, humerus, ulna
38
function, shape and location, and example of a short bone
shape: cube shaped
function: have little movement and provide support and stability
e.g. carpals and tarsals
39
function, shape and location, and example of a flat bone
shape: thin and may have slight cube
function: protect vital organs (e.g. heart, lungs and brain)
e.g. cranium, sternum, and ribs
40
function, shape and location, and example of a irregular and sesamoid bone
shape: vary - include sesamoid bones (rounded bones)
function: protect organs or attach to tendons
e.g. patella (knee cap) - sesamoid bones or pelvic girdle
41
where are synovial joints found
where 2 bones meet
42
main features of a synovial joint
ligaments, tendons, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
43
what is within a synovial joint
synovial fluid
44
what does synovial fluid allow
movement as it acts as a lubricant between the articular cartilage or bones
45
what is the impact on movement if a ligament, tendon, synovial fluid, or articular cartilage is damaged
ligaments: joint instability
tendons: restricted movement as muscle cannot contract
Articular cartilage: bone is no longer protected
synovial fluid: stiffness occurs as joint cannot move freely
46
what are the types of synovial joints
ball and socket - wide range of movement (e.g. hip or shoulder
Hinge - movement only in 1 direction (e.g. elbow or knee)
Plane - only gliding or sliding movements (e.g. carpals of the wrist or tarsals of the ankle)
Saddle - allows movement in 2 directions (e.g. thumbs)
Pivot - allows bone to rotate (e.g. the neck)
condyloid - allows movement in 2 directions (e.g. the joint in the fingers)
47
what is flexion
decreasing angle of a joint
e.g. up movement of bicep curl
48
what is extension
increasing the angle of a joint
e.g. the leg going back before kicking a soccer ball
49
what is abduction
when a body part is moved away from the centreline of body
e.g. the star shape in a star jump
50
what is adduction
when the body part is moved towards the centreline of the body
e.g. the streamline position of a star jump
51
what is circumduction
movement of a body part in a circular motion
e.g. the arms in a butterfly stroke
52
what is pronation
rotation of the forearm so palm is facing down
e.g. freestyle stroke
52
what is rotation
when the parts is twisted (head rotation)
e.g. pirouette
53
what is supination
when pal faces up
e.g. throwing a frisbee or a layup in basketball
54
what is eversion
movement of the sole of foot turned away from midline of the body.
e.g. skiing
55
what is inversion
turning sole of foot towards the midline of the body
e.g. spraining an ankle or cutting in basketball
56
what is dorsiflexion
raising foot upwards towards shin
e.g. pedalling on a bike
57
what is plantar flexion
movement of foot in the downward direction
e.g. kicking a football
58
what is protraction
moving body part away from spine
e.g. punching in boxing
59
what is retraction
moving body part backward toward the spine
e.g. squeezing shoulder blades together in rowing or weightlifting
60
how many muscles in the body and how many are skeletal muscles
700 muscles and 600 are skeletal
61
what are the 3 different types of muscles
cardiac, skeletal, and smooth
62
where is the triceps brachii
back of humerus
63
where is the pectoralis major
boobs
64
where is the serratus anterior
under pecs but above external obliques
65
where are the external obliques
ribs
66
where is the rectus abdominis
abs/tummy
67
where is the adductor longus
inner thigh
68
where is the sartorius
in thigh, wraps underneath the patella
69
where are the quadriceps
thigh
70
where is the tibialis anterior
shin
71
where is the biceps brachii
infront of humerus
72
where are the deltoids
shoulder
73
where is the trapezius
upper back
74
where is the latissimus dorsi
under and around trapezius
75
where is the gluteus maximus
bum
76
where are the hamstrings
back of thigh
77
where are the gastrocnemius'
calves
78
what is the function of a muscle fibre
produces muscle contraction that is produced by the sarcomere that use energy to allow for the contraction
79
outline the energy release, blood oxygenation and a sporting example of slow twitch fibres
energy release: contract slowly and for long periods of time
blood oxygenation: contain more blood therefore more oxygen
E.g. triathlon
80
outline the energy release, blood oxygenation and a sporting example of Fast twitch fibre (a)
energy release: immediate fast twitch fibres that produce high output for longer than FTb
blood oxygenation: not much blood and generally do not required oxygenation
sporting e.g. 400m run or 200m freestyle
81
outline the energy release, blood oxygenation and a sporting example of Fast twitch fibre (b)
energy release: contract quickly and create forceful muscle contractions but fatigue rapidly
blood oxygen: not much blood and generally do not require oxygenation
e.g. 100m sprint or weightlifting
82
explain origin and insertion of muscles
origin: closest to the centre of the body (e.g. for biceps brachii the origin is the top of the humerus)
Insertion: further away from the body (e.g. for biceps brachii the insertion is the radius in the forearm)
83
what are the different types of muscle contractions
isometric - constant muscle contraction (usually does not shorten or lengthen)
e.g. plank
isotonic eccentric - lengthening of a muscle
e.g. the bicep during the downward movement of bicep curl
isotonic concentric - shortening of a muscle
e.g. the bicep during the upward movement of a bicep curl
84
describe the agonist, antagonist, and stabiliser
agonist - the main muscle causing the action (bicep during the upward movement of a bicep curl)
antagonis - the muscle that must lengthen and relax during the movement (triceps during the upward movement of a bicep curl)
stabiliser: muscles that stabilise and control the movement (deltoids during bicep curls)
85
what is the study of biomechanics
the study of human movement that investigates the forces acted upon the body and the movement of the body.
86
what does motion refer to
motion refers to the specific path of movement of a body
87
what are the different types of motion
linear motion, angular motion, and general motion
88
define linear motion with an example
occurs when the body and all parts travel the same distance at the same speed
e.g. skiing, swimming 50m freestyle or 100m sprints
89
define angular motion with an example
occurs when a body moves in a circular path at the same angle, direction, and time
e.g. gymnast rotating around a high bar
90
define general motion with an example
a combination of both linear and angular motion
e.g. bowling a cricket ball or running 100m sprint (angular rotation of arms and legs but linear direction)
91
what is velocity and how do you calculate it
refers to the rate of positional change of an object (must refer to the direction)
velocity = displacement/time
92
what is speed and how do you calculate it
how fast something is moving
speed = distance/time
93
what is acceleration and how do you calculate it
refers to the rate of change in speed of a moving object (e.g. going from a job to a sprint)
acceleration = change in velocity/change in time
94
what is momentum and how do you calculate it
the greater the mass the greater momentum (e.g. golfers use a driver to have more momentum to hit the ball further)
momentum = mass x velocity
95
define the different types of balance with an example
static - maintain balance while stationary (holding an arabesque)
dynamic - maintain balance while moving (pirouette)
96
define the centre of gravity
the point at which all weight is evenly distributed and about which the object is balanced (position of centre of gravity varies depending on position of the body)
97
what happens if your base of support is wider
larger the base of support = more stable
98
list 3 ways to improve balance and stability in sports
1. lowering an objects centre of gravity
2. increasing size of base of support
3. increasing the mass of an object
99
what do fluid mechanics refer to
refers to the movement of a body through liquid (water) or gas (air), and the forces that affect it.
100
what is flotation
maintaining a stationary position on the surface of the water
101
what is the centre of buoyancy
the centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating object (centre of buoyancy must be balanced to maintain the ability to float)
102
what is fluid resistance
Drag; the force that opposes the forward motion of a body or object, reducing speed or velocity
103
what is an example of an equipment modification due to the advancement in fluid mechanics
Swimsuits - made it more aerodynamic, reduced drag (fluid resistance), increased buoyancy, the mass of the original cotton was too heavy, contemporary swimsuits are made of carbon fibre.
104
what are newton's laws of motion (force)
1. an object remains at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by an opposing force
2. the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on the body
3. equal and opposite reaction
105
what is the respiration equation
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide (waste) + energy + water
106
what are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system
1. allows us to breathe which ensures the body has energy in the form of oxygen
2. removes carbon dioxide as a waste product
3. allows the body to smell and create sound
107
what is the summary of the respiratory process
1. oxygen enters through the nose or mouth as the nasal cavity warms, moistens, and filters the air
2. then the air passes through the pharynx (shared passage for food and air) and passes through the epiglottis to then move to the larynx and trachea
3. the trachea splits into 2 bronchi (bronchus) directing the air to the lungs
4. mucus and cilia in the airways trap and remove dirt and germs
5. the air moves to the lungs where it contains bronchioles ending in alveoli, where gas exchange occurs and air is diffused into the blood
108
describe the mechanism of breathing
during inspiration; air enters the lungs, the diaphragm contracts, ribs and sternum are raised.
During expiration; air is expelled from lungs, ribs and sternum return to original position, and diaphragm is relaxed and arched upwards
109
what is an artery
a blood vessel with thick muscular walls and narrow lumen, that contains oxygen rich blood and takes blood away from the heart.
109
what is a vein
carry deoxygenated blood from body tissues back to the right atrium to allow the blood to return to the heart for reoxygenation.
110
describe the blood flow within the pulmonary and systematic circulation
1. deoxygenated blood goes through the vena cava to the right atrium
2. from the right atrium, the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle
3. the blood goes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and enters the lungs to be reoxygenated
4. after reoxygenation, the blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins
5. it passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
6. from here the oxygenated blood passes through the aortic valve and the aorta to then go throughout the body.
110
what is a capillary
extremely thin walls and are the smallest blood vessel. Allows for gas exchange and diffusion to occur.
111
differences between pulmonary and systemic blood circulation
pulmonary - moves blood around the lungs, gets oxygen through our breathing and rids of carbon dioxide, external respiration (breathing in oxygen from outside)
systematic - moves blood around the body, internal respiration (muscles/diffusion), and carries waste product
112
where does gas exchange occur
in the alveoli - that is surrounded by capillaries
inspiration: the alveoli expand
expiration: the alveoli contracts
113
explain the process of diffusion
the oxygen will flow through the membrane from high concentration to low concentration to create an equilibrium
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, where it binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. This process, known as gaseous exchange, occurs through the thin alveolar walls, facilitating efficient oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal
114
what are the factors that impact the efficiency of the cardiovascular system
Altitude - the height above sea level a person lives/trains
e.g. of a solution: Simulated altitude training in South Australia Sports Institute - hypoxic training chamber.
haemoglobin levels - haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the muscles and organs. Iron is essential for haemoglobin production.
vascular disease - any kind of disease that affects your blood vessels of the circulatory system. Creates poor blood flow and less oxygen in the body
