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at 103 > AT 103 First Exam > Flashcards

AT 103 First Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Failure of early aircraft was primarily due to a:

A

lack of power source that could sustain flight

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2
Q

Failed engines had these characteristics:

A

poor efficiency, lack of dependability, high cost, excessive weight, low power produced

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3
Q

Challenges to aviation include wanting engines with:

A

high power-to-weight ratios, efficiency, reliability, and environmentally friendly aspects

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4
Q

Who built the first flight simulator

A

Edwin Link

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5
Q

In 1860 the first practical gas engine was built by _____ and these 400 engines powered _______

A

Jean Lenoir (France), lathes and printing presses

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6
Q

!! First four stroke engine was built in 1876 by ___ !!

A

August Otto and Eugen Langen

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7
Q

First gasoline engine was built in 1885 by ____ and operated on the four stroke principle

A

Gottlieb Daimler (similar one by Karl Benz)

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8
Q

First successful aircraft engine was built in 1903 by _____ and was ____ cooled with ____ cylinders

A

Charles Taylor, water (cooled), four (cylinders)

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9
Q

First flight of jet engine power on an aircraft was in _____ and an example is ______

A

1939, Heinkel HeS 3B or Heinkel He 178

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10
Q

First turbojet was built by _____ and was manufactured by _____

A

Sir Frank Whittle (W1 Engine), General Electric Company

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11
Q

Some challenges of gas-turbine engines include:

A

performance, sound levels, fuel efficiency, maintenance ease, dependability, and reliability

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12
Q

What engine is this: crankshaft is held stationary while cylinders rotate around with the prop

A

rotary type radial

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13
Q

Disadvantages of the rotary type radial include

A

torque and gyro effect making the aircraft difficult to control and the usage of castor oil

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14
Q

What engine is this: cylinders are arranged in a row parallel to crankshaft. Cylinders are above or below the crankshaft.

A

In-line engine

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15
Q

Characteristics of in-line engines include:

A

usage in low and medium horsepower applications, small frontal area for low drag and streamlining, harder to cool the bigger they get

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16
Q

What engine is this: cylinders are in two rows forming the letter V

A

V-type

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17
Q

Pros of radial engines

A

lowest weight to horsepower ratio of all reciprocating engines

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18
Q

Cons of radial engines

A

large frontal area, cooling problems, hard to see over

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19
Q

Multiple-Row Radial Engine facts:

A

largest and most powerful reciprocating engine, can produce 3,500 hp or 4,300 hp with two turbo and one super charger

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20
Q

what was the multiple row radial engine replaced by and why

A

gas-turbine engines, more lightweight and powerful, fewer moving parts, and TBO increased

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21
Q

Opposed and flat type engine characteristics:

A

100-400hp, cylinders and crankshaft horizontal, low weight to hp ratio, streamlined flat shape, reasonably free from vibration

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22
Q

Engine designation: L

A

left hand rotation

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23
Q

Engine designation: T

A

turbocharged

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24
Q

Engine designation: i

A

fuel injected (remember lack of I normally means carborated)

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25
Q

Engine designation: G

A

geared

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26
Q

Engine designation: S

A

supercharged

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27
Q

Engine designation: O

A

opposed cylinders

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28
Q

Engine designation: R

A

radial engine

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29
Q

Engine designation: ###s

A

volume displaced to nearest 5 in^3

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30
Q

Why is excessive heat bad for reciprocating engines

A

adversely affects behavior of combustion of air fuel charge, weakens/shortens life of engine parts, impairs lubrication

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31
Q

Air cooling advantages

A

weighs less (no radiator, no connecting hoses/lines, no coolant liquid), less affected by cold weather, less vulnerable to gunfire

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32
Q

air cooling disadvantages

A

requires forward movement for ram air to sufficiently cool engine

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33
Q

How does liquid cooling work?

A

coolant circulates through engine areas requiring heat removal and transfers heat to liquid
liquid goes to radiator and cools
coolant circulates back through engine
relief valve prevents excessive pressure

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34
Q

What is the common liquid for coolant

A

ethylene glycol mixed with water

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35
Q

crankcase characteristics

A

foundation of engine
must support self
enclosure for lubricating oil
mounting to aircraft and mounting to cylinders
needs strength and rigidity

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36
Q

What type of crankcase? Two matching, reinforced aluminum-alloy castings divided vertically at centerline and fastened with studs and nuts

A

opposed-engine

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37
Q

What type of crankcase? Multiple sections (3-7): front, main power, fuel induction and distribution, accessory

A

radial engine

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38
Q

What type of crankcase? Four main sections: front, power, fuel induction and distribution, accessory. Sections may be cast together

A

In-Line and V Type Engines

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39
Q

Purpose of aircraft bearings

A

produces minimum friction, max wear resistance

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40
Q

Good bearing characteristics:

A

material strong enough to withstand pressure, permit movement with minimum wear and friction, be held with very tight tolerances, quiet and efficient operation while not sacrificing freedom of motion

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41
Q

Name the bearing: low power engines, radial loads, can be used for thrust when flanges added
Used for: connecting rods, crankshaft, camshaft
Made of: silver, lead, bronze

A

Plain bearing

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42
Q

Name the bearing: high power application, tapered rollers can withstand radial and thrust loads

A

roller bearing

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43
Q

What does the crankshaft do?

A

transforms reciprocating motion of piston to rotary motion and turns propellor

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44
Q

What does the main journal do?

A

serves to keep crankshaft alignment

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45
Q

what does the crankpin do

A

when forced applied to pin other than direction parallel to crankshaft, it will rotate the crankshaft

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46
Q

why are crankpins usually hollow?

A

reduces weight
passage for oil
collects carbon deposits, sludge, other stuff

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47
Q

Crank Cheek / Arm characteristics

A

oil passages drilled through
connects crank pin to main journal
has counterweights for static balance

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48
Q

What do dynamic dampers do

A

relieve whip and vibration
overcome forces generated by power impulses causing deflection of crankshaft

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49
Q

Name the shaft: end has milled slot for key
treaded forward end of shaft receices propeller retaining nut
caused propellors to spin off
used on small motors now

A

tapered shaft

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50
Q

Name the shaft: high power uses
rectangular groves on shaft and in engine
one grove blocked by screw to ensure position

A

spline

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51
Q

Name the shaft: bolts need to be tightened in sequence
has short stub forward of it that secures prop
much flatter than other types
what the pipers have

A

flange

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52
Q

connecting rod characteristics

A

steel alloy or aluminum for low power
H or I cross sectional

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53
Q

end of connecting rod connecting to crankshaft:

A

large end (crankpin end)

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54
Q

end of connecting rod connecting to piston pin

A

small end (piston-pin end)

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55
Q

At each stroke connecting rods will:

A

stop, change direction, start

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56
Q

Name the connecting rod:
common in lin line and opposed engines
small end is bronze serving as bearing
large end has cap with two piece bearing

A

plain rod

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57
Q

name the connecting rod: used for V type
split on large end
other rod fits between split on large end

A

fork and blade rod

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58
Q

name the rod: used in radial engines
subject to a lot of stresses
design to highest quality
alloy-steel forging and heat treated

A

master and articulated rod

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59
Q

what does the master rod do

A

provides attachment points for articulated rods on large end

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60
Q

Articulated rods:

A

attached to paster by steel knuckle pins
lock plate on each side to prevent lateral movement

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61
Q

!! What does the connecting rod do? !!

A

Connects piston to crank shaft

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62
Q

How does the master and articulated rod work?

A

piston to articulated rod, articulated rod to master rod, master rod to crankshaft

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63
Q

!! What is the purpose of the piston rings? !!

A

create seal against cylinder wall
(think of syringe stopper)

64
Q

Why is the process with piston rings so precise

A

there needs to be a gap clearance for heat expansion
excessive clearance allows rings to cock in grooves

65
Q

what happens if a piston ring cocks in the groove

A

leads to considerable wear and possible failure

66
Q

why are piston ring joints staggered?

A

prevents flow of gasses from combustion chamber into crank case

67
Q

what do piston rings do

A

seal to hold pressures in combustion chamber
prevents excessive oil from entering combustion chamber
conducts heat from piston to cylinder walls

68
Q

What happens when a piston ring is worn or defective

A

loss of compression
excessive oil consumption
excessive oil discharge from crankcase breather
excessive blue smoke from exhaust

69
Q

What do piston pins do

A

attatch piston to connecting rod

70
Q

Why are piston pin retainers made out of soft material

A

allows contact to cylinder without damage
prevents pin from slamming into sidewall
unaligned engine will shave off pieces

71
Q

What is blowby?

A

flow of gases from combustion chamber into crankcase (This is bad!)

72
Q

What does the oil ring do and where is it located

A

controls thickness of oil film on cylinder walls
prevents oil from passing into combustion chamber

located below the compression rings

73
Q

Cylinder Assembly Requirements

A

strength to withstand internal pressures
light weight
heat conducting properties

74
Q

how should cylinder assemblies be designed

A

for inexpensive manufacturing, inspecting, and maintenance

75
Q

Why are cylinder barrel surfaces carefully controlled

A

too smooth: will not be able to hold oil
too rough: causes excessive wear to piston rings and cylinder wall

76
Q

What does it mean if a cylinder barrel is chokebored

A

bore nearest the head is smaller for heat expansion
not a perfect cylinder shape until heated

77
Q

!! Does the intake or exhaust valve have cooling fins and why? !!

A

Exhaust valve: air is significantly hotter exiting than entering

78
Q

How does the shrink fit method work for joining the cylinder head to barrel

A

barrel goes into liquid nitrogen while the head is heated. They are then put together and essentially welded through that heat differential

79
Q

What is a valve

A

any device that opens and closes ports

“any device for regulating the direction of flow of liquid or gas by opening and closing a passage”

80
Q

what does the exhaust valve do

A

allows burned gasses to expel from cylinder

81
Q

what does the intake valve do

A

allows fuel-air charge to enter cylinder

82
Q

!! Exhaust valves are hollow and filled with _____ and why !!

A

sodium metal, it turns into liquid at high temperatures which helps dissipate heat through the valve stem

83
Q

Why are there different shapes of valves

A

to account for different demands of combustion chambers

84
Q

two key factors of the valve tip:

A

groove machined to receive split-ring stem keys
designed to prevent valves from falling into combustion chambers if tips fail

85
Q

Intake valve low vs high power:

A

heads are flat for low power
tulip design for high power

86
Q

Important characteristic of valve guides:

A

fine tune measured to the valve it is supporting

87
Q

Important traits of the valve seat:

A

separate piece put into cylinder head that is very strong and designed to not wear out
hardened and reinforced to create metal-metal seal

88
Q

what does the valve spring do

A

closes valves
(valves are in a default closed position)

89
Q

What does the valve operating mechanism do:

A

controls timing of engine valves
(open at correct time, remain open for correct time, close at correct time)

90
Q

what does the Cam do

A

it is the actuated valve lifting mechanism

91
Q

what does the valve lifter do

A

transmits force of cam to pushrod

92
Q

What is the pushrod

A

rod/tube between valve lifter and rocker arm
(transmits valve lifter motion)

93
Q

How does the rocker arm work

A

One end presses on stem of valve while the other end receives motion from pushrod

94
Q

Camshaft turns at the same speed as the:

A

crankshaft
Connected at rear of crankshaft

95
Q

Order of cylinder assembly

A

cam -> valvelifter -> pushrod ->rockerarm-> stem valve

96
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity for doing work

97
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

V1P1 = V2P2 or V1/V2 = P2/P1

98
Q

What is Charle’s Law?

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

99
Q

What are the four strokes of an engine?

A

Suck, squeeze, bang, blow
or
intake, compression, power, exhaust

100
Q

! What are the steps (events) of a four stroke engine !

A

Intake
compression
ignition
combustion
exhaust

101
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Distance the piston travels

102
Q

What is the top dead center TDC?

A

top limit of a stroke

103
Q

what is the BDC?

A

bottom dead center

104
Q

Why are the top and bottom limits important?

A

set timing and valve overlap of engine

105
Q

What is the compression ratio

A

ratio of volume of space in cylinder when piston is at BDC to the volume when piston is at TDC

106
Q

What is typically the max compression ratio for aviation?

A

9:1

107
Q

What happens in the intake step?

A

air fuel mixture is drawn into cylinder

108
Q

What happens in the compression step

A

air fuel mixture is compressed and ignition happens just before TDC

109
Q

What happens in the power stroke?

A

heat and pressure from ignited air fuel mixture force piston down

110
Q

! What keeps the engine running? !

A

one cylinder is constantly in the power stroke

111
Q

What happens in the exhaust stroke

A

gasses in cylinder are forced out as piston moves back up

112
Q

Why is there valve overlap?

A

takes advantage of the inertia of gas and provides optimization and efficiency

113
Q

What determines valve overlap?

A

position of cam lobes on camshaft

114
Q

Cons of two stroke engine

A

less efficient (loss when air fuel mixture mixes with exhaust)
loss of air fuel mixture through exhaust
more difficult to lubricate (also oil doesn’t burn)
harder to cool engine

115
Q

How does two stroke work?

A

air is drawn into crankcase (below piston) while piston is compressed and igniting air

burnt fuel forces piston down, exposing exhaust valve and letting intake air back in

116
Q

Rotary stroke engine characteristics

A

internal seal problems
use in lower hp
!! intake and exhaust ports eliminate need for valves !!
!! has two individually firing spark plugs !!

117
Q

Pros of Diesel engine

A

high compression ratio
no electric ignition
fuel and oils are heavier and cheaper than gasoline
no need for spark

118
Q

How is fuel intake in diesel different from others

A

fuel is injected separate from air

119
Q
  • Where are the engine operator manuals for the archers?
A

in mike davis’s office across from maintenance binders

120
Q
  • how do you know engine firing order
A

stamped onto crankcase

121
Q

What is power and what does it depend on

A

rate of doing work; force, distance, time

122
Q

Greater piston displacement = greater or less horsepower

A

greater

123
Q

HP rating on aircraft is indicated horsepower or brake horsepower

A

brake horsepower

124
Q

What is indicated horsepower

A

the hp developed by engine
(total hp converted from heat energy to mechanical)

125
Q

What is brake horsepower

A

actual horsepower delivered by engine to propeller

126
Q

How is takeoff power rating determined

A

max rpm and manifold pressure that engine can be operated during takeoff

127
Q
  • what is the take off power limitation on an archer
A

2700 rpm (can’t find time limit if anyone finds that let me know)

128
Q

What is critical altitude

A

highest altitude at which an engine will maintain a given hp output

129
Q

! When do the spark plugs fire !

A

just before TCD to lead to an even burn of fuel mixture

130
Q

What is pre-ignition !!

A

hot spot in engine ignites air fuel mixture before spark plug fires

131
Q

What is detonation? !!

A

poor fuel air mixture detonating (but at the correct time)

132
Q

What can affect brake horsepower?

A

manifold pressure
detonation
preignition
compression ratio
fuel-air ratio

133
Q

two primary purposes of oil

A

lubrication
cooling

134
Q

Why aren’t animal oils used in aviation

A

fatty acids get produced at high temperatures

135
Q

Why aren’t vegetable oils used in aviation (nowadays)

A

wears away at steel

136
Q

What oil is mainly used in aviation

A

Fluid mineral oil

137
Q

What oil is used for gas-turbine engines

A

synthetic

138
Q

What disease could synthetic oil cause

A

parkinson’s

139
Q

What are some important oil properties

A

viscosity
flashpoint
chemical stability
gravity
color
carbon residue
oxidation
corrosion
neutralization

140
Q

What is viscosity in relation to oil

A

fluid friction in oil
resistance an oil has to flowing
heavy oil = high viscosity = slow flowing

141
Q

Oil for aircraft must have good chemical and physical stability. What factors do these include?

A

oxidation resistance
no thermal cracking
protection against coking (prevention against carbon deposits)

good under temperature and pressure

142
Q

What is sliding friction

A

one surface sliding over another (straight up and down)

143
Q

Explain rolling friction and how does it compare to sliding friction

A

cylinder or sphere rolls over surface of plane object
total rolling friction is lower than sliding

144
Q

Where is wiping friction found

A

gear teeth
continuously changes load and direction

145
Q

what are the characteristics of aircraft oil

A

Viscosity
High antifriction
Maximum fluidity at low temperatures
Minimum change in viscosity with temperature
High anti-wear
Max cooling ability
Max oxidation resistance
Noncorrosive

146
Q

What are the functions of engine oil

A

Reduces friction between moving parts
cools by carrying away heat
seals chamber by filling gap between cylinder walls and piston ring
cleans engine
prevents corrosion
makes cushion between parts that see impact loads

147
Q

!! Purpose of lubrication system is to supply oil at !!

A

correct pressure
correct volume
correct location
(correct time)

148
Q

Key points of oil plumbing:

A

Should be fire resistant
No vibration = aluminum alloy
vibration = synthetic

149
Q

What does the oil pressure relief valve do

A

controls and limits lubricating oil pressure
prevents damage to system

150
Q

What are some oil properties

A

flash point
viscosity
pour point
chemical stability
physical stability
gravity
color
cloud point
carbon residue
ash residue
oxidation
precipitation
corrosion
neutralization
oiliness

151
Q

When oil is in proper limits:

A

minimum coefficient of friciton
max adhesion to surface
good oiliness
adequate fill strength

152
Q

Fuel flow type filter

A

filters all circulated oil of contaminants
all oil goes through before passing to surfaces

153
Q

why is oil inspection beneficial

A

oil filter:
discovers internal engine damage
filter screen and housing examined for metal particles
Analysis:
determines origin of particles
predict future failures

154
Q

oil pumps:

A

excess oil returned by relief valve to oil inlet
accommodates engine wear and growing clearances

155
Q

What is a thrust bearing

A

bearings that in addition to reducing friction, take thrust and radial loads

at 103 (3 decks)

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