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Astro 103 > Astro Final Extra (6/6/23) > Flashcards

Astro Final Extra (6/6/23) Flashcards

1
Q

moons of jupiter: number

A

95 moons orbiting Jupiter

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2
Q

moons of jupiter: Galilean moons

A

4 largest: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

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3
Q

moons of jupiter: Io

A
  • bigger in size to our moon
  • Voyager 1 discovered 8 active volcanoes in 1979, later over 150 were discovered
  • surface is the youngest in the solar system since its continually being remade by volcanoes
  • Pele Volcano: spews lava 200 miles above the surface of Io
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4
Q

moons of jupiter: Europa

A
  • the surface is mostly water ice a few km thick, beneath the crust is a layer of liquid water (maybe 100 km deep)
  • Ice Floes: jumbled surface
  • Lake Vostok, Antarctica: 2-mile thick ice covering liquid water that has been untouched for millions of years
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5
Q

moons of jupiter: Ganymede

A
  • largest moon in the solar system (larger than Mecury)
  • Nicholson Regio: diagonal band in a cratered surface form a flow of ice like a river
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6
Q

moons of jupiter: Callisto

A
  • dark and dusty surface is the oldest among the Galilean satellites
  • mostly made of ice and most heavily cratered surface in the solar system
  • white ice indicates there is water ice under the surface
  • Valhalla Crater: impact from a crater and if it had hit faster it would have split Callisto apart
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7
Q

moons of saturn: number

A

85 confirmed moons and now has 145 (as of May 12, 2023)

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8
Q

moons of saturn: Phoebe

A

rotates and orbits backwards

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9
Q

moons of saturn: Iapetus

A

bright white snow surface, brown parts are dust and debris around Saturn

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10
Q

moons of saturn: Enceladus

A

small enough to fit comfortably in within the length of the UK, has geyers that spew jets off its surface in water-ice

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11
Q

moons of saturn: Titan

A
  • has its own atmosphere because it’s so cold
  • a pressure of 1.5 times higher than the Earth’s
  • 10x more gas, 10x higher in altitude than the Earth’s
  • sunlight reflecting from a lake of methane
  • Huygens lander: took 2.5 hours to descend through the thick atmosphere and then only survived for another 70 minutes
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12
Q

rings of Saturn

A
  • made up of tiny particles of water ice (similar to snowballs)
  • extremely thin
  • only 200 million years old
  • Roche limit: all the jovian planets have rings
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13
Q

moons of Uranus

A
  • 6 moons
  • unstudied
  • Miranda: primarily water, hydrocarbon, methane and ammonia ices
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14
Q

moons of Neptune

A
  • triton: orbiting the wrong direction
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15
Q

asteroid belt

A

over 700,000 asteriods between Mars and Jupiter
Lucy & Trojans: lucy is a spacecraft heading to Jupiter, go through the asteroid belt and then reaches the Trogan

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16
Q

asteroid belt: main types

A

S-type: silicate - 15%
C-type: carbonaceous - 75%
M-type: metallic - 10%

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17
Q

asteroid belt: former planets

A

4 Vesta & 1 Ceres
Ida

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18
Q

asteroid belt: Orisis-Rex

A
  • studied the asteroid Bennu, grabbed a piece of the asteroid and brought it back to earth
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19
Q

asteroid belt: Widmanstatten pattern

A
  • found in space rock, only found if the metal cools very slowly so after 10 million years these crystals form
  • unable to be replicated in the lab
20
Q

comets: tails

A
  • dust tail: curves as the comet gets ahead of it in its orbit
  • gas tail: always points away from the sun
  • devlops as it approaches the sun and disappear as it moves away from the sun
21
Q

meteor shower

A
  • always cross paths with the earth’s orbit at the same time
22
Q

pluto

A
  • discovered in 1930
  • New Horizons 2015: not a lot of craters meaning there is a geological process covering the older craters
  • mostly ices
  • not considered a planet because it crosses Neptune’s orbit and a planet has to have its own distinct orbit
23
Q

orion nebula

A
  • protoplanetary disks
  • solar nebulas forming around other stars
24
Q

parallax

A
  • Friedrich Struve discovered parallax when he measured a parallax of 0.125 arcsec from Vega in 1873
  • Friedrich Bessel measured the parallax of 71 Cygni in 1838
  • these two measurements are the first distances measurements every made to objects outside our solar system
25
Q

astrometric technique

A
  • barycenter: center of mass
  • sun also orbits the center of mass every 12 years
  • Juptier actually orbits the center of mass every 12 years but appears to orbit the sun because the center of mass is so close to the sun
26
Q

GAIA

A
  • Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics
  • measuring the Doppler shifts of 1 billion stars
  • confirmed astrometric exoplanet discovers: 2
27
Q

GAIA’s method

A
  • using the spectral lines of each element
  • sun’s spectrum
28
Q

radial velocity method

A
  • spectral lines shift back and forth allowing astronomers to see if there is gravitational pull on a star
  • P = 4π^2/G(M+m)*a^3 : used to calculate an unseen planet’s orbit

Limitations
- better for finding large-mass planets in smaller orbits
- cannot determine the radius of the planet and orbit must be somewhat aligned with earth

29
Q

radial velocity method: successes

A

51 Pegasi - extremely close to its star, 1/2 mass of Jupiter, hot enough to melt lead
- considered a “hot jupiter”: 300 others have been discovered
- found 1036 planets around other stars

30
Q

transit method

A
  • uses the brightness and light curves over time
  • confirmed discoveries: 4093

Limitations:
- favors finding large-radius planets in smaller orbits
- orbit must be perfectly aligned to earth to transit cannot be observed

31
Q

TESS

A
  • transiting exoplanet survey satellite
  • launched in April 2018
  • observing the entire sky
  • discovered 333 confirmed planets and 6586 candidates
32
Q

HL Tau

A
  • dust ring around a young star
  • reveals multiple rings and gaps that indicate the presence of emerging planets
33
Q

qualifications looking for life: stability and orbit

A
  • must be stable, fairly circular orbit around its star
  • must orbit within a “habitable zone”: not too hot, not too cold
  • highly elliptical orbits result in extreme temperature vibrations
34
Q

qualifications looking for life: time for life to evolve

A
  • massive stars “live” only a few million years
    lifetime of a star
  • one-solar mass star “lives ten billion years
  • 2 solar mass star = 3 billion years
  • 16 solarmass star = 10 million years
  • but a 0.4 solar mass star could live 200 billion years
  • higher mass, shorter lifetime

stellar census
- low mass = high temp
- high mass = high temp

35
Q

qualifications looking for life: liquid water

A
  • habitable zone: region where liquid water could exist (Goldilocks zone)
  • Kepler 452b: a little bigger than the earth and orbits its star every 385 days (cousin planet)
  • other planets have been found in the habitable zone
36
Q

miller-urey experiment

A

recreating the conditions for life:
- ball of glass chamber
- sucked all the air out and then replaced it with air of gasses similar to the composition of the early earth: water, methane, ammonia and molecular hydrogen (no oxygen)
- added energy using ultraviolet light or electric sparks and let it cook
- found the building blocks for amino acid proteins
- suggests that life came from the basic gasses with energy

37
Q

the drake equation

A

Nciv = NHp x flife x fciv x fnow

  • NHp: number of habitable planets in the solar system
  • flife: how many actually have life (algae, microbes)
  • fciv: how many have civilization (technologically advanced ones)
  • fnow: lifetime of the civilization
38
Q

drake equation estimates

A
  • 200 billion stars in the milky way
  • 5419 confirmed planets
  • 361 exoplanets found in habitable zones
39
Q

Trappist-1

A
  • much smaller version of our sun
  • a little bit larger than Jupiter
  • mass of 9% of our sun
  • 40 light years away from the earth
  • age estimate: 7 1/2 billion years (3 billion years older than our sun)
  • found using a light curve, dims and brightens
  • Trappist-1planets: found planets b-h, orbit 1 every day and a half, 4 then 6 and 9
  • d and e are in the habitable zone
  • extremely close to the star
40
Q

extremophiles

A
  • no ozone layer because there isn’t oxygen
  • uv from the sun penetrates to the surface
  • forms of life under the water and in extreme life conditions like Yellowstone Park or the desert
41
Q

extremophiles: spain’s rio tinto

A

red river with a pH of 2
very acidic
but some microbes thrive in this space

42
Q

extremophiles: H pylori

A

responsible for stomach ulcers
lives in the acid found in your stomach

43
Q

extremophiles: D radiodurans

A

survives cold, vacuum and radiation spaces in excess of 1500 times the amount that would kill a human

43
Q

extremophiles: D radiodurans

A

survives cold, vacuum and radiation spaces in excess of 1500 times the amount that would kill a human

44
Q

extremophiles: tardigrades

A

half a millimeter in size
found in fresh water

45
Q

black smokers

A

undersea “black smokers”
volcanic vents erupt from under the crust of the earth and emit black clouds of gasses

Astro 103 (3 decks)

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