Astigmatism and Presbyopia

Question 1

When parallel rays of light enter the eye with accommodation relaxed and do not come to a single point focus on or near the retina.

Answer 1

Astigmatism

Question 2

When the cornea has unequal curvature on the anterior surface

Answer 2

Corneal astigmatism

Question 3

When the crystaline lens has unequal curvature on the surface or in its layers

Answer 3

Lenticular astigmatism

Question 4

Sum of corneal astigmatism and residual astigmatism

Answer 4

Total astigmatism

Question 5

Constitutes majority of astigmatism

Answer 5

Corneal astigmatism

Question 6

Two principal meridians are perpendicular to each other

Answer 6

Regular astigmatism

Question 7

Type of astigmatism in which in minus cylinder axis is found around horizontal meridian

Answer 7

With-the-rule astigmatism

Question 8

Type of astigmatism in which in plus cylinder axis is found around horizontal meridian

Answer 8

Against-the-rule astigmatism

Question 9

The sum of two axes of the two eyes equals approximately 180°

Answer 9

Symmetrical astigmatism

Question 10

Infants are born with what type of astigmatism?

Answer 10

Against-the-rule astigmatism

Question 11

The first accurate description of astigmatism was credited to?

Answer 11

Thomas Young

Question 12

What charts are used for astigmatism?

Answer 12

Clock dials and fan dials

Question 13

A type of symmetric astigmatism in which both eyes have with-the-rule astigmatism

Answer 13

Homologous astigmatism

Question 14

With accommodation relaxed, both principal meridians focus in front of the retina

Answer 14

Compound myopic astigmatism

Question 15

With accommodatoon relaxed, one meridian tends to focus behind the retina, while the other focuses in front of fhe retina

Answer 15

Mixed astigmatism

Question 16

It is the loss of accommodation inside the eye

Answer 16

Presbyopia

Question 17

Optometric management for presbyopia

Answer 17

Reading glasses, multifocal lenses containing near add, bifocal, trifocal, and progressive add lenses

Question 18

A theory that states that presbyopia is caused by the biomechanical changes in the lens capsule and lens

Answer 18

HHG Theory

Question 19

A theory that states that presbyopia is caused by the weakening of the ciliary muscles

Answer 19

DDF Theory

Question 20

Causes of sclerosis

Answer 20

Nutritional changes, UV rays, infrared radiation

Question 21

A type of presbyopia which is known as the earliest stage; borderline, beginning, early, or pre-presbyopia

Answer 21

Incipient presbyopia

Question 22

A result of the continuous gradual decline in accommodation; a condition in which virtually no accommodation ability remains

Answer 22

Absolute presbyopia

Question 23

A condition which can still be overcome by a hard or forced ciliary effort

Answer 23

Facultative presbyopia

Question 24

Adult patients eventually report visual difficulties when faced with gradually declining accommodatjve amplitude and near task demands

Answer 24

Functional presbyopia

Question 25

A condition in which near vision difficulties result from an apparent decrease in the VA in dim light

Answer 25

Nocturnal presbyopia

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE: Signs of presbyopia include vertical wrinkles on the forehead

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

It is the maximum increase in optical power that an eye can achieve in adjusting its focus from as far as possible to the nearest possible

Answer 27

Amplitude of accommodation

Question 28

A small scale Snellen’s chart

Answer 28

Near chart VA

Question 29

Plus lenses are what type of lenses?

Answer 29

Convex lenses

Question 30

The DDNN rule is used for?

Answer 30

Monovision