Astigmatism and Presbyopia

Question 1

When the cornea has unequal curvature on the anterior surface.

Answer 1

Corneal Astigmatism

Question 2

When one of the principal meridians is focused behind the retina and the other is focused on the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 2

Simple Hyperopic Astigmatism

Question 3

A condition which can still be overcome by a hard or forced ciliary effort.

Answer 3

Facultative Presbyopia

Question 4

Attributes all of the loss in accommodation to biomechanical changes in the lens capsule and lens and none to ciliary muscle.

Answer 4

H-H-G Theory

Question 5

Defined as refractive condition in which variation of power exists in different meridians of the eye.

Answer 5

Astigmatism

Question 6

In which either of the two principal axis are not at right angles to each other or the curvature of any meridian is not uniform.

Answer 6

Irregular Astigmatism

Question 7

The first accurate description of astigmatism is credited to _____ in 1800s.

Answer 7

Thomas Young

Question 8

The earliest stage at which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition.

Answer 8

Incipient Presbyopia

Question 9

A small scale Snellen’s chart and this will determine the Px’s near grade.

Answer 9

Near Chart VA

Question 10

Eliminates the need for bifocals or reading glasses, but can interfere with depth perception.

Answer 10

Monovision

Question 11

The inability of the human eye to focus on objects up close that results with aging.

Answer 11

Presbyopia

Question 12

The condition in which near vision difficulties result from an apparent decrease in the AA in dim light.

Answer 12

Nocturnal Presbyopia

Question 13

In which two principal meridians exist at right angles to each other, one of the greatest and one of the least curvature.

Answer 13

Regular Astigmatism

Question 14

When both principal meridians are focused in front of the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 14

Compound Myopic Astigmatism

Question 15

The sum of the two axes of the two eyes does not equal approx. 180.

Answer 15

Asymmetrical Astigmatism

Question 16

When one of the principal meridians is focused on the retina and the other is not focused on the retina (with accommodation relaxed.

Answer 16

Simple Astigmatism

Question 17

When the crystalline lens has an unequal curvature on the surface or in its layer.

Answer 17

Lenticular Astigmatism

Question 18

The most common type of astigmatism based on the orientation of meridians.

Answer 18

With-The-Rule (WTR) Astigmatism

Question 19

The condition in which virtually no accommodative ability remains.

Answer 19

Absolute Presbyopia

Question 20

Presbyopia is also known as _______.

Answer 20

Short arm Syndrome

Question 21

The amount of ciliary muscle contraction needed to produce a unit change in accommodation progressively increases with age.

Answer 21

D-D-F theory

Question 22

Adult patients eventually report visual difficulties when faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and near task demands.

Answer 22

Functional Presbyopia

Question 23

When both principal meridians are focused either in front or behind the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 23

Compound Astigmatism

Question 24

When one of the principal meridians is focused in front of the retina and the other is focused on the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 24

Simple Myopic Astigmatism

Question 25

When one of the principal meridians is focused in front of the retina and the other is focused behind the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 25

Mixed Astigmatism

Question 26

Both eyed are WTR astigmatism and the sum of the two axes equal approx. 180.

Answer 26

Symmetrical Astigmatism

Question 27

The principal meridians are the meridians of greatest and least refracting powers.

Answer 27

Astigmatism

Question 28

When both principal meridians are focused behind the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 28

Compound Hyperopic Astigmatism

Question 29

When the greatest refractive power is within 030 of the oblique meridians.

Answer 29

Oblique Astigmatism

Question 30

Progressive age-related loss of accommodation.

Answer 30

Presbyopia