Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mariam Respiratory System > Asthma > Flashcards

Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What is Asthma?

A

Type 1 Hypersensitivity which causes reversible airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the proven risk factors for asthma?

A
  • Atopy
  • Occupation
  • Smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define atopy

A

An inherited tendency to produce IgE in response to allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of conditions can becaused by atopy?

A
  • Asthama
  • Eczema
  • Hayfever
  • Food Allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we test for atopy?

A
  • Markers
  • Skin prick test (place allergen under skin)
  • IgE tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of inheritance has the main effect on atopy?

A

MAternal inheritence is 3x as influential as paternal inheritance when it comes to determining atopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of genes show association with atopy?

A
  • Immune response genes (Il-4, IL-5, IgE)

- Airway genes (ADAM33)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What sort of allergens are known to be related to asthma?

A

House dust mite dropppings

Cat allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are exposure and atopy relateD?

A

Exposure doesnt cause atopy or asthma.

once someone atopic is sensitized to an allergen it can trigger an asthmatic response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much of asthma is occupational?

A

Around 10-15% of adult onset asthma is occupational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What types of occupations can cause asthma?

A

Bakers - Grains
Lab workers - Rodent urine
Painters - PAint
Chefs/fishermen - Crustaceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to a child whose mother smokes in pregnancY?

A

They can develop:

  • Lower FEV1
  • Wheezy illness
  • A greater airway responsiveness
  • Greater chance & severity of asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the grandmother effect?

A

A child will be twice as likely to develop asthma if their grandma smoked during pregnancy (it skips a generation).
Also 1.5x more likley if their mum did and 2.5 times if both did.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are airway obstructions related to astgma?

A

Someone with a localized airway obstruction like a tumour or foreign body can appear to have asthma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What symptoms are we looking for in a history to diagnose asthma?

A
  • Wheeze
  • Short of breath (dyspnoea)
  • Chest tightness & pain
  • Cough (paroxysmal, sudden)
  • occasional sputum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is simply seeing the symptoms not enough to diagnose asthma?

A

Theyre the same symptoms as any other respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What beyond the symptoms do we look for to diagnose asthma?

A

The variability of the symptoms. Only is asthma are the symptoms mixed up and variable with time/location.

18
Q

What kind of variability is there in asthma symptoms?

A

The symptoms can be varied due to trigers like exercisem cold air, smoke, pets or a job.
They can also vary in time such as at day or night or weekends or holidays or even seasons.

19
Q

What other conditions do we look for in a hisotry to denote asthma?

A

Other atopic conditions like eczema or hayfever

20
Q

What do we look for in family and social history?

A
  • Families atopic disease
  • Smoking
  • Pets
  • Occupations
  • Psychosocial stresses
21
Q

What drugs can worsen asthma?

A

B-blockers
Aspirin
NSAIDS

22
Q

What should we cheack if someone already has asthma?

A

Compliance and technique with inhalers

23
Q

How useful is examination in asthma diagnosis?

A

Not much as theyre not always having symptoms.

Can rule out asthma sometimes if another conditions can be seen

24
Q

What kind of investigations can we do to determine asthma?

A
  • Spirometry
  • Testing with treatment
  • Pulmonary function tests
  • Peak flow monitoring
  • Specialist investigations
25
Q

How is dynamic spirometry used?

A

An FEV1/FVC is taken during symptoms and if the ratio is abnormally low (<80%) this show a generalised airway obstruction

26
Q

How do we use a pulmonary function test?

A

If an obstruction is found a full pulmonary function test is done which will rule out COPD/Emphysema

27
Q

What makes up a full pulmonary function test?

A
  • Lung volume is tested using gas trapping with helium which tells us Residual volume and Total lung capacity
  • Gas transfer rate of Carbon Monoxide is used to determine that thers no tissue destruction.
28
Q

How do we test with treatment?

A

If spirometry shows obstruction and pulmonary function tests rule out COPD/emphysema then a bronchodilator like salbutamol is used. Failing that a course of oral corticosteroids.

29
Q

What do we use to determine occupational asthma?

A

Serial peak flow readings every 2 hours for atelast 5 days to see if symptoms worsen at work.

30
Q

What kind of specialist investigations do we use?

A
  • Airway responsiveness to methacholine

- Exhaled Nitric Oxide

31
Q

What do we use a chest X-ray for?

A

A chest X-Ray excludes other conditions

32
Q

What kind of parameters are used to measure asthma severity?

A
  • Ability to speak
  • How high the heart rate is
  • How fast the respiratory rate is
  • The PaO2 and SaO2
  • Any impaired consciousness, confusion or exhaustion
33
Q

What are the biggest indicators of asthma in a child?

A
  • SOB @ rest
  • Personal/parental hisotry of atopic illness
  • Wheeze (not rattle or stridor)
  • variable symptoms
  • Much more in boys than girls
34
Q

Why arnt peak flows and prick tests used in kids?

A

Too many kids have variable peak flows without asthma.

Lots of kids are allergic without having asthma as a symptom.

35
Q

Moderate acute asthma in adults

A

Increasing symptoms;
Peak flow > 50-75% best or predicted;
No features of acute severe asthma.

36
Q

Severe acute asthma in adults

A

Any of the following:

Peak flow 33-50% best or predicted;
Respiratory rate ≥ 25/min;
Heart rate ≥ 110/min;
Inability to complete sentences in one breath.

37
Q

Life-threatening acute asthma in adults

A

Peak flow

38
Q

Near-fatal acute asthma in adults

A

Raised PaCO2 and/or the need for mechanical ventilation with raised inflation pressures.

39
Q

Moderate acute asthma in kids

A

Able to talk in sentences;
Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≥ 92%;
Peak flow ≥ 50% best or predicted;
Heart rate ≤ 140/minute in children aged 1–5 years; heart rate ≤ 125/minute in children aged over 5 years;
Respiratory rate ≤ 40/minute in children aged 1–5 years; respiratory rate ≤ 30/minute in children aged over 5 years.

40
Q

Severe acute asthma in kids

A

Can’t complete sentences in one breath or too breathless to talk or feed;
SpO2  140/minute in children aged 1–5 years; heart rate > 125/minute in children aged over 5 years;
Respiratory rate > 40/minute in children aged 1–5 years; respiratory rate > 30/minute in children aged over 5 years.

41
Q

Life-threatening acute asthma in kids

A

SpO2

Mariam Respiratory System (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions