AST Pre-Midterm Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
all planets orbit the same _______ ______
A
ecliptic plane
2
Q
what direction does planet orbit
A
same direction with elliptical orbit
3
Q
Sun rotation is
A
same direction as planet
4
Q
Terrestrial planet charcteristics
A
Small & rocky
thin/no atmosphere
few moons
heavy elements
5
Q
Jovian planet charcteristics
A
Large gas/liquid
many moons
Lighter elements
6
Q
Mercury simple stats
A
no moons, highly cratered
7
Q
Venus stats
A
Thick Co2 atmosphere
460C surface T (greenhouse effect)
8
Q
venus rotation is what
A
ROTATE BACKWARDS
9
Q
Earth stats
A
No2 atm
23.4 degree tilt
10
Q
Mars stat
A
2 moon
thin co2 atmosphere
25.2 tilt
polar ice caps
11
Q
Jupiter stat
A
Over 60 moons
thick gaseous atm
12
Q
Saturn stats
A
Over 60 moons
similar structure to jupiter
13
Q
Uranus
A
Thin rings
98 tilt
Coldest
14
Q
Neptune stats
A
Wispy clouds
winds up to 2000km.hr
15
Q
pluto ice content is
A
high
16
Q
asteroid belt
A
- millions of asteroids between mars + jupiter
- 3% of earths moon
17
Q
Kuiper belt
A
icy bodies around neptunes orbit
18
Q
comets
A
small icy bodies with elliptical orbits
19
Q
Mars thin Co2 causes
A
planet wide storms
20
Q
Summer time
A
daylight longer, sun higher,
–> more direct
21
Q
Winter time
A
days shorter, sun is lower
–> shallow angle
22
Q
Summer/winter solstices based on
A
north being covered or lit up all the time
23
Q
equinox are
A
when sun shine equally on both poles so 12 days
24
Q
Solar eclipse
A
moon block sun
25
Lunar eclipse
earth block moon
26
moons orbit is tilted why
to avoid eclipses every month
27
Solar eclipse angle requirment
when earth orbit changed by 90 (when tilt of earth and moon align)
28
Only time solar eclipse can happen
New moon
29
New moon
invisible
rise and set with sun
only time solar eclipse can happen
30
Waxing cresent
3-4 days after new moon
rise +set 3 hours after sun
31
waxing cresent easiest to see
after sunset
32
Waxing quarter
1 week after new moon
rise + set 6 hours after sun
33
Waxing gibbous
10-11 days after newmoon
rise set 9 hours after sun
easiest at night. might set before sunrise
34
full moon
2 week after new moon
rise set 12 hours after sun
invisible most of night
35
Waning gibbous
10-11 days before NEXT nm
rise before midnight, up rest of night
36
Waning quarter
1 week before NEXT nm
6 hours set /rise before sun
rise around midnight
37
Waning crescent
2-4 days before next newmoon
rise around 3 hours before sunset
easiest to see before sunrise
38
Farther away in avocado elliptical diagram means
SLOWER, farther away, less distance to be covered
39
Closer in avocado elliptical diagram means
closer, more distance needs to be covered so FASTER
40
speed
rate of change
41
velocity
rate of change + direction
42
acceleration
rate of change of velocity
43
Kepler's First Law
The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus
44
Kepler's Second Law
A planet moves faster near the sun and slower farther from the sun
45
Kepler's Third Law
More distant planets orbit the Sun at slower average speeds
It obeys: T = 365.24 √r^3
46
newton 1st law
object in motion stays in motion
47
Newton 2nd law
F=ma
48
Newton third law
equal and opposite force reciprocation
49
angular momentum formula
L = = iW= mvr
50
whats angular momentum explain w example
arms out, spin slow, arms in, spin faster
51
in F = (G m1m2)/d^2
double mass =
double force
52
in F = (G m1m2)/d^2 double distance
4x LESS force since it would be over 2^2
53
in F = (G m1m2)/d^2 , 1/2 distance
4x MORE force since its (1/2)^2 and your dividing by a fraction.
54
explain tidal force moon and earth relationship
Tidal force ON MOON FROM EARTH is larger than the force of MOON ON EARTH
(earth puts more tidal force on moon than the moon puts on earth)
55
tidal force:
The earth puts more force on the moon that it slows down rotation so much it became locked
The earth same side of moon always faces earth due to tidal forces
56
TIDAL RELATIONSHIP is _______. This causes _______ and __________ rotation
laggy
delays
slower
57
Spring tide (LARGE)
when the suns tidal forces line up with the moon and earths
58
what phase of the moon is spring tide
Full or new moon
59
how many high and low tides per day
2 each
60
What phase of the moon is neap tide
First quarter + third/last quarter
61
What is happening during a neap tide
In a quarter moon, sun and moon tidal forces cancel out partially
62
what angles are SUN and MOON during neap tide
right angle
63
Why does sun shine
nuclear fusion in core converting H into He & releasing energy
64
Core of sun
15 mil degrees
where nuclear fusion occurs
contains 50% of suns mass, 25% suns radius
65
where does nuclear fusion occur
core of sun
66
Radiative zone
- extends from 25% to 70% of suns radius
-49% of suns mass
- light and heat travel out from core (4million degrees)
67
Extends from 25% to 70% of suns radius
radiative zone
68
light and heat travel ____ from core into ______ _____ (4million degrees)
out
radiative zone
69
Connective zone
- outermost, extends 70%-100% radius
- ONLY 1% of suns mass
- least hot
70
Least hot zone in sun, why?
connective zone, lots hot gas rise then churn
71
percentage mass of zones:
core
radiative zone
Connective zone
50% mass
49% mass
1% mass
72
Photosphere (miso soup) =. visible ______ ______ from _______ to ________
surface changes
transparent
opaque
73
how does photosphere surface change/look like
- granulated
- hot areas rise, cold areas sink
- particles form gas flow out, filling solar wind
74
what is the photosphere as a part of the sun
SURFACEEE!!!!
75
Sunspots
- comes in pairs (suns balls for cooling)
- cooler regions
- only 3500C
76
photosphere temp
5500C
77
core of sun temp
15mil Celcius
78
radiative zone temp
4mil ish C
79
Conective zone temp
2mil celcius
80
why are sunspots cooler parts of sun
cuz magnetism prevent hot gas from rising (you need to diarhea but you clench it)
81
Chromosphere (thin)
right above sun "surface"
reddish glow, low density
82
Corona
halo of gas ABOVE chromosphere and photospere
83
Corona only occurs only
during total eclipse
84
The ------ in the corona allows ----- ---- to escape
halo
solar wind
85
Fusion
happens in light elements like helium
86
fission
heavy elements
87
Nuclear fusion is hard to make happen because
the protons repel
88
P-P energy
chance of 4 protons colliding (energy)
89
Positron
like an electron but with a + charge
90
Neutron:
ow mass but neutral charge
91
Gamma ray
type of light
92
Hydrostatic equilibrium
The core of star is very hot so it puts pressure out, but the gravitational pull counteracts it and pulls the star inwards
93
is hydrostatic equilibrium only in stars
no , planets have it too, thats why they round
94
Whats light
Electromagnetic wave that oscillates on wavelength
light has wavelegnth and frequency
95
wavelength measure
distance between 2 peaks
96
Frequency measure
of times in 1 second a peak pass
97
Interstellar medium
gas (mostly h and he) and dust between stars
98
molecular clouds as part of interstellar medium
Most dense part of interstellar medium, where stars are born
99
Molecular clouds
- cold and dense, enable star formation by gravitational collapse
- contain dust that blocks starlight (appeares black)
- molecules are formed in the dust grains, some being building block of life
100
gravitational collapse
inward pull of g really strong
101
Star formation
begin with gravitational collapse of moleular cloud
protostar form out clouds center as gas collapses and heat up
102
3 ways molecular clouds are unique
1. hydrogen in molecular clouds are molecules yet an atom everywhere else
2. Molecular clouds are big enough to affect themselves and surroundings
3. Only known place in UNIVERSE where stars form
103
how did sun form
- Something start molecular cloud collapse
- gravity drags it in
- gravity overcomes outward pressure in gas cloud (only in cold and dense areas)
104
high density area in cloud
strong pressure out
105
low temperature
low pressure out
106
In cloud fragments, ______ mass of one molecular cloud is enough for ________________ stars formation
total
thousands of
107
Small clumps/fragments of clouds become more pronounced, then.....
clouds fragment into separate clouds that continue to collapse and form stars
108
Molecular cloud process summarized
1. Cold dense clouds get pulled in by gravity --> increases the density
2. as the cloud collapses, gas compressions heat up cloud, molecules in gas collide to make photons
3. some photons escape until becomes too dense, they (heat) get trapped and start slow down collapse
4. at core, protostar forms ,increase mass as gas falls in
109
jets
protostars have jets of material that blow away surrounding gas: nakedness
110
Accretion disk
during collapse, gas rotationand looks like a flat disk egg
- hotter and faster than protoplanetary disk
111
Protoplanetary disk
new planet birth sites
112
light is a
wave but also a particle
113
our eyes see
absorption
114
------ determines colour
wavelength
115
list lights in order of least energy
radio < microwave < infrared < visible < uv < xray < gamma
116
we emit light via
thermal radiation
117
Blackbody radiation:
------- decides everything
hotter = (2 things)
Temp decides everything
brighter, bluer
118
On a blackbody graph, colder is
lower/ smaller line
119
on blackbody graph, hotter is
bigger graphs, with SHORTER WAVELENGTHS
120
example of red light that not hot
red shirt SCATTERS red light, but its not 3000C
121
If light is black, a graph will show
dip to 0
122
light tells us
temp + composition (what you emit/absorb)
123
Doppler effect of light:
If something moving towards you,
it looks bluer, as its shifted to a higher frequency
124
Doppler effect of light:
when something moves away form you
Things look redder, as longer wavelength
125
redshift in spectra =
moving away from something
126
blueshift in spectra =
moving towards something
127
Measures of line of sight:
Direct
Across line of sight
Diagonally
can be measured
non measured
partially measured
128
solar flare
sudden burst of energy + radiation into space
