ast Flashcards
start of vocab on study guide.motion/speed
the rate at which an object moves which is DISTANCE OVER TIME or m/s. or pulling/tugging where point a gets to point b
mass
a measure of the amount/quantity of matter in an object
weight
the net FORCE acting upon on our mass.
(our weight here is bc gravity is stronger here on earth/is pulling us down to the center)
momentum
the product of an objects mass and velocity so MASS TIMES VELOCITY
velocity
the combination of SPEED AND DIRECTION of motion m/s this is where you have speed (Im going 50 m/s..)and you add in direction (..& im going west) ONLY M/S
acceleration
rate of CHNAGE IN VELOCITY (m/s^2) HERES ITS M/S^2 dont forget the “^2” verbally you say meter per second square.
force- YOURE GICVING DEFIITION FOR THIS
force causes a change in momentum, producing acceleration.
angular momentum
rotational momentum of a spinning or orbiting object. Momentum attributable to rotation or revolution (mass * velocity * radius) which is why a skater can spin faster by pulling his arms closer to hsi body
conversation of momentum
in the absence of a net force, the total momentum of a system remains constant
temperature
a measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of particles in a subtance. so ex. less particles (pot of water) boiling then lower temp
polarization
describes the direction in which a light wave is vibrating
phases of changes- each is vocab too-
- ionization-the process of stripping one or more electrons from an atom into plasma.
2.Molecular dissociation-the breaking of molecules into atoms
3.evaporation- breaking of flexible chemical bonds so going from liquid to solid - melting- breaking of rigid chemical bonds, changing solid into liquid.
emission line spectrum
a thin or low density cloud of gas emits light only at specific wavelengths that depend on its composition and temperature, producing a spectrum with bright lines.
absorption lin spectrum
a cloud of gas between us and a lightbulb can absorb light of specific wavelengths, leaving dark lines in the spectrum
electromagnetic spectrum
higher/stronger energy/shorter waves start at gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, then last are radio which are longer /lower energy waves.
*visible light and radio waves are the only that hit the surface
continuous spectrum
the spectrum of a common (incandescent) lightbulb spans all visible wavelengths, without interruption
electromagnetic wave
consists of waves of ELECTRIC and MAGNETIC fields (synonym for light)
wave
is a pattern of motion that can carry energy without carrying matter along with it
photon
an individual particle of light, characterized by a wavelength and frequency
angular resolution
the smallest angular separation that two points can have and still be seen as distinct points of light. The minimum angular separation that the telescope can distinguish
*interferometry
a telescopic technique in which two or more telescopes are used to produce a better angular resolution than the telescope can achieve indidvidually.
reflecting telescope
a telescope that uses MIRRORS to focus light like the ones astroners use
spectroscopy
the process of obtaining spectra or breaking light into spectra
diffraction limit-
the limit on the angular resolution is by the interference of light waves.
refracting telescope
a telescope that uses LENSES to focus light like our eyes
. study this spectrograph
bc dif than spectcop..
an instrument is used to record spectra that separate the different wavelengths of light before they hit detector.
imaging
the process of obtaining pictures of astronomical objects.
time monitoring
the measuring how light output varies with time
end of vocab on study guide.adaptive optics
a technique in which mirrors flex rapidly to compensate for the bending of starlight caused by atmospheric turbulence.
worth 15 points and is a writing one. 3 types of energy
kinetic( energy of motion). An example is writing or walking.
Radiative ( energy carried by light) an example is light of sun
Potential (stored) an example is a roller coaster or gas.
short answer: understanding orbits through gravity and energy
total orbital energy (gravitational +kinetic) stays constant if there is no external force. ORBITS CANNOT CHNAGE SPONTANEOUSLY THERE HAS TO BE A FORCE. Change in total energy is needed to change orbit. Add enough energy (escape velocity) and object can change orbit from bound to unbound. ex: she gave about a spacecraft hitting an asteroid to knock asteroid into another direction/davis tackling devon
short answer:3 types of spectra
continuous
emission line
and absorption line spectrum.
short answer:how does light tell us the temperature of planets and stars?
Nearly ass large or dense objects emit a continuous spectrum that depends on temperature. The spectrum of that thermal radiation tells us the objects temperature.
short answer:how does light tell us the speed of a distant object?
the doppler effects tell us how fast an object is moving toward or away from us. The longer wavelenghts thn that means the object is moving AWAY. Hence, that’d be redshifted. Otherwise, they’re blueshifted (shorter wavelengths) if the object is moving TOWARD the observer.
short answer:2 most important properties of a telescope
light collecting area- telescopes with a larger collecting area can gather a greater amount of light in a shorter time.
Angular resolution- telescopes that are larger are capable of taking images with grater detail.
short answer:how does earth’s atmosphere affect ground-based observation?
telescope sites are chosen to minimize the problems of light pollution (better if theres no city lights and no clouds), atmospheric turbulence (the higher in surface you go, the less atmosphere interreference), and bad weather (windy days=wind turbulence can alter what you see).
short answer:why do we put telescopes into space?
forms of light other than radio and visible do not pass through earth’s atmosphere. Also, much sharper images are possible because there is no turbulence.
also, the larger the telescope the clearer the picture might come out.If there is more than one telescope, then it helps astronomers see more objects/stars as the larger telescopes collect more lights. More light also means an increase likelihood of them seeing distant stars or ancient stars.
short answer:how can multiple telescopes work together?
linking multiple telescopes using INTERFEROMETRY enables them to produce the angular resolution of a much larger telescope.
short answer:how did newton change our view of the universe?
he discovered laws of motion and gravitation. He realized these same laws of physics were identical in the universe and on earth.
writing ?:newtons 3 laws of motion
- law of inertia: object moves at constant velocity if no net force is acting or an object at rest remains at rest or object in motion stays in motion unless interrupted by net force
- Law of acceleration force=mass * acceleration!! (what to put on test and example to!: spinning ball in the air like a helicopter/ since object going around a curve has an accelerating point, pointing towards the inside of a curve being the center, thats why ball will go straight
- Law of interaction or equal and opposite (action and reaction) . for every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. ex. the exercise where you jump on box
Galileo acceleration of gravity pt.1 FOR TEST YOU NEED TO PICK FROM THE MULTIPLE CHOICE THE M/S^2 not kilometers! you need to rememeber equation not really the other explanation.
he came through and said all objects are falling @ the same rate so g=9.8m/s^2. “g” is the same for all falling objects regardless of their mass.
acceleration rate will always -delete if you dont need
be 9.8 meter/second^2
pt.2 gravitational potential enrgy released as an object falls depends on
mass and the acceleration of gravity.
multiple choice:pt.3 Conversation of energy. exam gives example of..
energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed/exchange from one type to another. exam gives exam of ball getting thrown up
free fall-
weightless is due to a continued state of free-fall which is why astronauts are weightless in space or tower of doom where you stay in air a bit before falling.
newton is credited for
being the person who realized the laws of gravity apply to objects both on earth and in space & theres only one universe.
orbital speed
is at its maximum when closer to the sun
the force due to gravity is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between objects
orbital shapes are possible under the force of gravity
ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas
newtons distance between 2 objects/between center of objects but directly proportional to their masses
fg= G M1 M^2/d^2. D=
f=force
g=gravitational constant
m1 and m2- M = mass of two objects divided by the distance square
gravitational constant (thats why it ends with G)
fg=G M1 M2/ d2.G=
the highest tides occur..
during new moon phase
the lowest tides occur
during 1st and 3rd quarter moon phases
tidal friction
causes the moon to show nearly the same face to the earth
average distance between two objects
p2= a3 . A=avg distance from sun in AU
source of energy that powers the sun
mass energy released by nuclear fusion
E=mc2, E represents
small amount of mass-or potential energy stored in an objects mass.
concentrated energy can spontaneously turn into particles.
bound orbit
follows the same path around the sun over and over in same rate unless force comes and messes its position
unbound orbit
approaches the sun just once and then never returns like ex.comet comes to solar system and messes it up a bit then we never see comet again
orbital energy of an orbiting object
the sum of the objects kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy as it moves through its orbit.
molecule and molecular dissociation
molecules are groups of atoms bonded together and dissociation would be the bond breaking
thermal radiation
radiation that depends only on the emitting objects temperature
retina
place where light is brought into focus to form an image
lens
focuses light into retina
detector
bring light into focus to form an image
spectral resolution
measure of how close two spectral lines can be and still be distinguiable
light pollution
human made light that effects astronomical observations.
adaptive optics
reduce the distorting effects of atmospheric turbulence for telescopes
gravitational waves
a type of energy that has been detected from sources such as merging neutron stars and black holes
thermal energy
is a measure of the TOTAL kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance. then depends on tempeture and density
might be worded dif. but fs in exam. how does the force the earth extert on you comapare with the force you exert on the earth?
earth and you exert equal and opposite forces and each other
fill in the blank. what is gravitational energy dependent on?
the mass, strength of gravity, and the height.
-the mass energy is sub type of potential energy.
-the concentrated energy can spontaneously change into particles
direct ? from test: what kees a planet rotating and orbiting from the sun?
A: conservation of angular momentum
direct ? on test? what does m stand for in the universal law of gravitational?
mass
direct ?;why is a rose red?
because the rose reflects red light
wavelength and frequency
wavelenght x frequency=speed of light which is constant
what do astronoumers do w telescopes?
repition of imaging, spectroscopy, and time monitoring. i need to know sdefinition of each which is listed above.
