Assignment #2 Flashcards
The use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease is known as
-Toxicology
-Pharmacokinetics
-Pharmacotherapeutics
-Toxicokinetics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology is
-The study of the harmful effects of chemicals
-The study of a drug’s beneficial effects
-The analysis of drug absorption, distribution, and metabolism
-The preparation and dispensing of therapeutic medications
The study of the harmful effects of chemicals
The generic name of a drug
-Is also known as the “official” or “nonproprietary” name
-Is often derived from the chemical name
-Tends to be somewhat shorter than the drug’s chemical name
-All of the above are true
All of the above are true
The generic form of a drug is considered to be as safe and effective as the original, brand-name product if the generic form _________ as the brand-name drug.
-Has the same type and amount of the active ingredient(s)
-Uses the same administration route
-Has the same pharmacokinetic profile (drug absorption, plasma levels, and so forth)
-Produces the same therapeutic effects
-All the above are true
All the above are true
Regarding drug development and approval, an “orphan drug” is a drug that is
-Used exclusively in children
-Prescribed for conditions other than those approved by the FDA
-Given special funding for development because it is used in a small patient population with a relatively rare disease
-Available directly to consumers without a prescription
-Only available in countries outside the United States
Given special funding for development because it is used in a small patient population with a relatively rare disease
Prescription use of a drug to treat conditions other than those that the drug was originally approved to treat (off label prescribing)
-Is illegal and punishable by revoking a physician’s license
-Is legal only if the Center for Disease Control provides written permission to the physician
-Is legal only if the drug is not a controlled substance
-Is legal and quite common in the United States
-Is legal only after the patent for a drug has expired
Is legal and quite common in the United States
When two drugs are compared, the drug that requires a lower dosage to produce the same effect as a higher dose of the second drug is said to
-Be more potent
-Be impotent
-Have a great maximal efficacy
-Have a greater therapeutic index
Be more potent
The ______ effect occurs when drugs are transported initially to the liver where a significant amount of the drug may be metabolized and destroyed before the drug reaches its primary site of action.
-Malabsorptive
-First-pass
-Bohr
-Bioequivalence
-Pharmacodynamic
First-pass
The extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation is referred to as
-bioequivalence
-biotransformation
-bioavailability
-biodistribution
-last pass metabolism
bioavailability
Osmosis refers to the special case of diffusion where the diffusing substance is
-a lipid soluble drug
-a non-lipid soluble drug
-a protein
-a carbohydrate
-water
water
A drug that has a volume of distribution of approximately 42 L in a healthy 70-kg man will typically be
-bound extensively to plasma proteins
-retained in the bloodstream
-concentrated in the tissues
-stored in the liver and kidneys
-distributed uniformly throughout all of the body
fluids
Distributed uniformly throughout all of the body
fluids
Drug developers are exploring nanotechnology (i.e., the use of very small particles with specific physical properties) as a way to
-target and deliver drugs to specific tissues within
the body
-facilitate drug absorption from the GI tract
-enable drugs to cross the blood brain barrier more
easily
-all the above
all the above
Drug metabolism that occurs when a drug is changed chemically following administration is also known as
-biotransformation
-excretion
-retoxification
-degradation
-allosterification
biotransformation
Most drugs are metabolized by _____ to the drug molecule, and the enzymes that catalyze these reactions are typically located at the ____ of specific cells.
-adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; mitochondria
-adding a hydrogen or removing an oxygen; mitochondria
-adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum
-adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum
adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum
Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other substances (alcohol, nicotine) may enhance the liver’s ability to metabolize certain drugs, thus decreasing their therapeutic effect. This process is known as _______ .
-glomerulonephritis
-enzyme induction
-biliary cirrhosis
-decreased hepatic blood flow
enzyme induction
Drugs and their metabolites are excreted from the body primarily by
-kidneys
-liver
-lungs
-adipose tissue
Kidneys
To calculate drug elimination rates, blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma as it passes through the organ are measured to determine drug
-biotransformation
-clearance
-deactivation
-esterification
clearance
Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more ____ compound, thus enabling the compound to be ____ when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney.
-polar; excreted
-neutral; excreted
-polar; reabsorbed
-neutral; reabsorbed
polar; excreted
The acetylcholine receptor located on the postsynaptic membrane of the skeletal neuromuscular junction is an example of a membrane receptor that
-is linked directly to an intracellular enzyme
-is linked directly to a regulatory G protein
-functions as an ion channel or pore
-moves (translocates) to the cell’s nucleus when
stimulated
functions as an ion channel or pore
Some drugs affect the function of the adenylate cyclase, an enzyme located on the inner surface of the cell membrane. This enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into _____, which acts as a second messenger that activates other enzymes (i.e., protein kinases) throughout the cell.
-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
-acetylcholine
-norepinephrine
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
A drug that binds readily to available receptors even if the concentration of drug is relatively low is said to have _______ for that receptor.
-low specificity
-high affinity
-a short half-life
-none of the above are true
high affinity
The ability of a drug to bind to its receptor can be influenced by local chemicals such as guanine nucleotides, ammonium ions, and divalent cations. These local regulators are commonly known as _____.
-competitive agonists
-noncompetitive agonists
-allosteric modulators
-partial antagonists
-chelators
allosteric modulators
In contrast to an agonist, a pharmacologic antagonist
-has affinity for the receptor, but lacks efficacy
-is also known as a “blocker”
-can be used prevent endogenous chemicals from
overstimulating the receptor
-all the above are true
all the above are true
A drug that fails to evoke a maximal response even though it occupies all available receptors is known as
-a competitive antagonist
-a noncompetitive antagonist
-a partial agonist
-a competitive agonist
-an inverse antagonist
a partial agonist
Overstimulation of postsynaptic receptors may lead to a decrease in responsiveness of the receptors. A fairly brief and transient decrease in receptor responsiveness is known as _____, whereas a more prolonged process in which the actual number of available receptors is diminished is known as _________.
-down-regulation; desensitization
-desensitization; up-regulation
-up-regulation; desensitization
-down-regulation; autophosphorylation
-desensitization; down-regulation
desensitization; down-regulation
MATCHING
Common Drug Suffixes: Primary Indication (or Desired Effect) and Common Examples
-Antihypertensive, congestive heart failure
Metoprolol
-Antihypertensive, antianginal, antiarrhythmic, congestive heart failure
-Antihypertensive, antianginal
-Hyperlipidemia
Pravastatin
Nifedipine
Captopril
Metoprolol
-Antihypertensive, congestive heart failure
Metoprolol —> Captopril
-Antihypertensive, antianginal, antiarrhythmic, congestive heart failure —> Metoprolol
-Antihypertensive, antianginal —> Nifedipine
-Hyperlipidemia —> Pravastatin
MATCHING
Common Drug Suffixes: Drug Class and Common Examples
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blocker
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
Angiotensin-II receptor blockers
Pravastatin
Nifedipine
Candesartan
Enalapril
Propranolol
Beta blockers —>Propranolol
Calcium channel blocker —>Nifedipine
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) —>Pravastatin
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor —> Enalapril
Angiotensin-II receptor blockers —>Enalapril
One of the common adverse reactions to Oxycodone is constipation.
-True
-False
True
What is the mechanism of action for Ozempic?
-Activates glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor.
-Binds to peptidoglycan.
-Inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
-Stimulates pancreatic islet beta cell insulin release.
Activates glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor.
What is the drug subclass of Tresiba?
-Opioids
-Penicillins
-Diabetes: Insulins
-Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Diabetes: Insulins
