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SOCIOLOGY 201 (1) > ASSIGNMENT 1 > Flashcards

ASSIGNMENT 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Emile Durkheim think what suicides rates are influenced by?

A

Suicide rates are strongly influenced by social forces.

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2
Q

Example that refutes the idea that there is a relationship between psychological disorder and suicide rates.

A

Jews had the highest rate of psychological disorder among the major religious groups. However, they also have the lowest suicide rates.

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3
Q

What did Durkheim think was the cause of varying suicide rates?

A

This was due to the varying degrees of SOCIAL SOLIDARITY in different groups.

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4
Q

What influences the social solidarity?

A

The more a group shares beliefs, the greater their interaction. And the greater their interaction, the more social solidarity they will have.

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5
Q

Which group has the higher suicide rate? Unmarried or married people?

A

Married people, because they have social ties. They are bound to society by having a spouse.

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6
Q

Who have lower suicide rate? Women or Men?

A

Women because they are more involved in SOCIAL relations of family life.

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7
Q

Does Durkheim’s theory explain why individuals take their own life?

A

No.

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8
Q

Name for relatively stable social patterns of social relations

A

social structures

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9
Q

Microstructures

A

Patterns of intimate social interactions

Formed during face-to-face interaction

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10
Q

Examples of microstructures

A

Family ties
friendship ties
work associations

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11
Q

Macrostructures

A

These are patterns of social relations that lie outside and above one’s social relations.

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12
Q

Examples of microstructures

A

Class relations

Patriarchy

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13
Q

Patriarchy

A

Economic and political inequality between women and men in most societies.

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14
Q

Global Structures

A

Society that surrounds and permeates us

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15
Q

Examples of Global Structures

A

International organizations

Patterns of worldwide travel and communication

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16
Q

Social Imagination

A

The ability to see the relationship between social structures and personal troubles.

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17
Q

3 Origins of the Sociological Imagination

A

The Scientific Revolution
The Democratic Revolution
The Industrial Revolution

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18
Q

What is the core of the scientific method?

A

Using evidence to make a case for a particular point of view.

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19
Q

What is the second pillar of the sociological imagination?

A

The realization that people can control society and change it.

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20
Q

What does the symbolism on page 11 Figure 1.4 mean?

A

God and His intermediary, which is Nature, control human action.

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21
Q

What 2 revolutions were part of the Democratic Revolution?

A

The American Revolution

The French Revolution

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22
Q

What did these democratic upheavals show?

A

Society could experience massive social upheaval in a short period.
They also proved that people could replace unsatisfactory rulers.

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23
Q

What is the third pillar of the social imagination?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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24
Q

What did the Industrial Revolution show?

A

It showed social thinkers a variety of new social problems that are in dire need of solutions.

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25
Q

What did the Industrial Revolution lead to?

A

It led to the birth of the sociological imagination.

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26
Q

Who coined termed sociology?

A

Augustus Comte

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27
Q

How was he different from other people who studied society?

A

Comte studied society based on scientific foundations, rather than what he wanted or imagined society to be.

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28
Q

How did Comte want to study society?

A

He wanted to test his ideas through careful observation of the real world, rather than assuming God or human nature determined the shape of society.

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29
Q

What motivated sociological research?

A

It was motivated by adherence to scientific methods of research and a vision of the ideal society.

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30
Q

Why was this the motivation for sociological research?

A

Comte is a conservative who saw the dangers and the consequences of rapid growth of the society. As such, he believed that a slow, progressive change, with preservation of the traditions of the social life.

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31
Q

How are sociological ideas stated?

A

In the form of theories

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32
Q

What is a theory?

A

A social theory is a tentative explanation of some aspect of a social life.

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33
Q

What does a theory do?

A

It states how and why social facts are related.

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34
Q

After theories are formulated, what can a sociologist do?

A

A sociologist can conduct research.

35
Q

What is research in sociology?

A

It is about carefully observing social reality to assess the validity of a theory.

36
Q

How can research do this?

A

It can call the validity of a theory into question that theories are said to be only tentative explanations.

37
Q

What can a sociologist do before formulating a theory?

A

Sociologists must identify which problems are important enough to study and how the parts of society fit together.
They must also have opinions about what ideal society ought to look like.

38
Q

What issues are shaped by?

A

Issues are shaped by sociologists’ values.

39
Q

What are values in sociological terms?

A

Values are ideas about what is right and wrong, good and bad.

40
Q

What do values help formulate?

A

Values help sociologists favour what idea over another.

41
Q

What are the four of the major theoretical traditions in sociology?

A

Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminism

42
Q

What are the four functionalist theories?

A

Human behaviour is governed by relatively stable patterns.

Functionalism underlines how social structures maintain or undermine social stability.

Social structures are based mainly on shared values.

Functionalism suggests that re-establishing equilibrium is the best way to solve most social problems.

43
Q

Conflict Theory

A

This emphasizes the centrality of conflict in social life.

44
Q

What are the four features of Conflict Theory?

A

Focus on large, macrolevel structures, such as relations between or among classes.

This theory shows how major patterns of inequality in society produce social stability in some circumstances and social change in others.

This theory stresses how members of the privileged try to maintain their advantages, while the sub-ordinate groups try to increase theirs. Social conditions are the expressions of the power struggle between the privileged and the sub-ordinate groups.

This theory leads to the suggestion that decreasing privilege will lower the level of conflict and increase the sum total of human welfare.

45
Q

From whom did this conflict paradigm originate?

A

Karl Marx

46
Q

How is Marx’s theory RADICALLY different from Durkheim’s?

A

Class conflict lies in Marx’s ideas.

47
Q

What did Marx argue?

A

Marx argued that owners of industry are eager to improve the way work is organized. The innovations (technology –> machines, tools) lead to the drive for profits. This drive for profits cause capitalists to disregard their employees, giving them very poor working conditions, low wages, etc. As such, workers would eventually become aware of their class is being exploited. This leads to a sense of class consciousness.

Class consciousness will lead to development of trade unions and labour groups. These organizations will seek to put an end to private ownership, in which wealth and property will be shared by everyone. –> the communist society

48
Q

According to Weber, what are the other driving forces? (besides class conflict)

A

Politics and religion

49
Q

What is the Protestant ethic?

A

Protestants believed that their religious doubts can be reduced, a state of grace ensured, if they worked diligently and lived modestly.

50
Q

What did Weber think was the unintended effect of the Protestant ethic?

A

The development of capitalism due to the religious meaning individuals attached to their work. Example: People who adhered to the Protestant Ethic saved and invested more than others did.

51
Q

Verstehen

A

This is another aspect to the sociological approach.

Weber emphasized the importance of understanding people’s motives and the meanings they attach to things . This is done to get a clear sense of their actions.

52
Q

What was Weber’s contribution?

A

That subjective meanings must be analyzed.

53
Q

What are the four features of Symbolic Interactionism?

A

It focus on face-to-face communication or interaction in microlevel social settings

To acquire an adequate explanation of social behaviour, we need to understand the subjective meanings people attach to their social circumstances

People aid in creating social circumstances and they don’t merely react to them.

Symbolic interactionism validate unpopular and unofficial viewpoints. This increases our understanding and tolerance of people who may be different from us.

54
Q

What is the importance of Symbolic Interactionism?

A

Our understanding for symbolic interactionism increases our tolerance for unpopular and deviant viewpoints.

55
Q

Who is the first woman sociologist?

A

Harriet Martineau

56
Q

What are the four features of the feminist theory?

A

Feminists contend that patriarchy is at least important as class inequality in determining a person’s opportunities in life.

Male dominance and female subordination are due to social conventions and structure of power, not biological necessity. (Women are only subordinate to men because they enjoy more rights and benefits than women)

This paradigm examines the operation of patriarchy in both micro and macro settings

This paradigm contends that gender inequality should be changed for the benefit of all members of the society. (gender inequality: differences in the way boys and girls are brought up, barriers to equal education opportunity, unequal division of domestic responsibilities between men and women).

57
Q

What are sociological ideas influenced?

A

The ideas are influenced by the settings in which they emerge.

58
Q

Postindustrial Society

A

The most recent transformation of human society.

The shift from manufacturing to service industries, due to the drive for technology.

59
Q

How did the Posindustrial Society speed up?

A

Globalization

60
Q

What is globalization?

A

The process by which states, economies, governments all around the world become tied together and people become increasingly aware of their growing interdependence.

61
Q

Definition of culture in sociological terms.

A

Socially transmitted ideas, practices, and material objects that people create to deal with real-life problems.

62
Q

What is a society?

A

People interacting socially and sharing culture, usually in a defined geographical area.

63
Q

What is abstraction?

A

The capacity to create symbols or general ideas that carry particular ideas.

64
Q

What are the four components of culture?

A

Abstraction

Cooperation

Production

Language

65
Q

What is cooperation?

A

It involves the creation of a complex social life by establishing social norms (generally accepted ways of dealing with things)

66
Q

What is the purpose of analyzing cooperation?

A

We can learn what distinguishes one culture from another.

67
Q

What is production?

A

The ability to make and use tools and techniques that improve our ability to take what we want from nature.

68
Q

What are the tools and techniques production is talking about?

A

Material culture

69
Q

What are sanctions or the system of social control?

A

Rewards and punishments at ensuring conformity.

Rewarding if they follow social norms, punishing if they don’t

70
Q

What do rewards include?

A

Praise
Encouragement
Money
Power

71
Q

What do punishments include?

A

Avoidance
Contempt
Arrest
Physical Violence

72
Q

What is needed from social control?

A

Needed to ensure the stable patterns of interaction.

73
Q

What does social control prevent?

A

Resistance to social control is needed to ensure cultural innovation and social renewal.

74
Q

What is a language?

A

A system of symbols strung together to communicate a thought.

75
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

A

We experience important things in our environment and form concepts about these things. Then, we use language to communicate about these concepts. After which, language influences how we see the world.

76
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Judging another culture by the standards of our own culture.

77
Q

How does it affect sociology?

A

It impairs sociological analysis.

78
Q

What are the two faces of culture?

A

Freedom and Constraint

79
Q

How is freedom related to culture?

A

Culture provides us to exercise our freedom. We use elaborate elements of culture to solve problems, as well as express our hopes and fears.

80
Q

How is constraint related to culture?

A

Existing culture constrains us in that we have to utilize raw materials before and after our birth to create something new

81
Q

What is culture relativism?

A

All cultures have equal value. Opposite of ethnocentrism

82
Q

One critical example against culture relativism.

A

Promoting cultural relativism will encourage many to respect cultural acts that are usually abhorrent to the Canadian culture.

83
Q

Another critical example against culture relativism.

A

It encourages individuals to cling to their past, rather than drop the culture and create a unique Canadian identity.

SOCIOLOGY 201 (1) (1 decks)

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