ASSESSMENT MOUTH, NOSE, THROAT, Sinus Flashcards
Oropharyngeal Cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
- oral cavity and oropharynx, along with other parts of the head and neck, contribute to the ability to chew, swallow, breathe, and talk,
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 GOAL
Prevent and control oral and craniofacial diseases, conditions, and injuries, and improve access to preventive services and dental care.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Oropharyngeal Cancer
- Using tobacco products (including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless and chewing tobacco, with pipe smoking being a significant risk factor)
- Heavy alcohol use
- Drinking alcohol and smoking together
- Being infected with a certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Being exposed to sunlight (lip cancer only)
- Being male (twice as common in men versus women)
- Age over 55
- Fair skin
- Poor oral hygiene
- Poor diet/nutrition: low in fruits and vegetables
- Chewing betel quid (betel nuts and lime wrapped in betel leaves), or chewing gutka (a mixture of betel quid and tobacco), both often used in South and Southeast Asia
- Weakened immune system
- Graft-versus-host disease
- Genetic syndromes such as Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita
- Lichen planus (skin disease with an itchy rash, which can affect mouth and throat lining and is most noted in older people)
- Two controversial potential risks are use of mouthwash with high alcohol content and irritation from dentures
Teach Clients - Oropharyngeal Cancer
-Avoid smoking cigarettes or using oral tobacco, or get assistance to stop if smoking or chewing currently.
-Avoid excessive alcohol use, especially if you smoke.
-Avoid chewing betel nuts.
-Avoid infection with HPV, which can be transmitted through oral sex or contact with others who are infected, or seek medical assistance if infection suspected.
-Avoid excessive sun exposure (or tanning booth exposure) to lips. Use adequate sunscreen if unable to avoid sun.
-Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, vitamin A, and generally well rounded.
-Practice regular oral hygiene, using a soft tooth brush, dental floss at least two times per day, and have routine dental care.
-If you have a weakened immune system, take extra precautions to avoid risks for oral cancer.
-Avoid use of mouthwash with high alcohol content
If wearing dentures, have them checked for good fit with no irritation to gums.
The gums recede, become ischemic, and undergo fibrotic changes as a person ages. Tooth surfaces may be worn from prolonged use. These changes make the older client more susceptible to
periodontal disease and tooth loss.
blacks have a three times higher risk than whites to get what disease
Periodontal disease
TRUE OR FALSE
The ability to smell and taste decreases with age.
TRUE
Medications can also decrease sense of smell and taste in older people.
Although a decrease in the sense of both smell and taste is often seen as part of the aging process, the nurse should document any changes the client shares regarding smell and taste
___ and _____ clients may have difficulty caring properly for teeth or dentures because of poor vision or impaired dexterity.
Older adults and some disabled
Acute Sinusitis
symptoms that last less than 4 weeks, often begin with a common cold, and usually go away within 10 days. Sometimes, however, a bacterial infection develops
Chronic Sinusitis or
chronic rhinosinusitis
lasts more than 12 weeks despite medical treatment.
Sinusitis may also be caused by an
infection, a fungus, a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, or, in rare cases, an immune system deficiency.
Symptoms of Sinusitis
- Thick yellow-green nasal discharge (which may drain into throat)
- Postnasal drip, often with a bad taste
- Cough
- Toothache
- Fever (in cases of acute sinusitis)
- Nasal obstruction or congestion, causing difficulty breathing through your nose
- Pain, tenderness, and swelling around your eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead
- Frontal headache
- Reduced sense of smell and taste
halitosis
Bad breath
Signs of sinusitis
Red, swollen gums that bleed easily are seen in
gingivitis, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), and leukemia.
Receding red gums with loss of teeth are seen in
periodontitis
Leukoplakia
(chalky white raised patches)
chronic irritation, heavy smoking, and alcohol use. T
Candida albicans
“thrush”
Brown patches inside the cheeks of clients with
Addison disease (chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
Oral mucosa is often drier and more fragile in the
older client
epithelial lining of the salivary glands degenerates.
Reddened opening of Stensen ducts is seen with
mumps
black hairy tongue seen with conditions causing
hyposalivation,
a yellow-brown coating on the tongue, see with
Smokers
The area _______ the tongue is the most common site of oral cancer.
underneath
hypertrophied duct openings on either side of frenulum is
Abnormal or normal
abnormal
Normal -
The frenulum is midline; Wharton ducts are visible, with salivary flow or moistness in the area. The client has no swelling, redness, or pain.
The ____ of the tongue is the most common site of tongue cancer.
Side
Loss of taste discrimination occurs with
trauma, viral infections, sinusitis and polyposis, increasing age, neurologic illnesses such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s;
Deep purple, raised, or flat lesions may indicate a
Kaposi sarcoma (seen in clients with AIDS
. An opening in the hard palate is known as a
cleft palate.
Native Americans and Asians may have a split
Uvula (Bifid)
allergies or sinus infection pt. will feel
tender upon percussion in the frontal and maxillary sinuses
