Assessment 5 Knowledge Based Test Flashcards
1
Q
Oxygen Administration
What flow rates would normally be used with nasal cannula (nasal prongs)?
Identify flow in Fi02 and l/min
A
24 - 38%, 1 - 2 litres per minute
30 - 35%, 3 - 4 litres per minute
38 - 44%, 5 - 6 litres per minute
This device is well tolerated by most individuals.
2
Q
Oxygen Administration
What flow rate would normally be used with a simple face mask?
Identify flow in Fi02 and l/min
A
35 - 65%, 8 - 12 litres per minute
High flow of oxygen prevents the rebreathing of CO2.
3
Q
Oxygen Administration
What flow rate would normally be used with an oxygen mask with reservoir bag (non-rebreather)?
Identify flow in Fi02 and l/min
A
60 - 100%, 6 - 15 litres per minute
This device allows for a higher Fi02 to be administered. A valve closes during expiration so that exhaled air does not enter the reservoir bag and be rebreathed.
4
Q
Oxygen Administration
What flow rate would normally be used with a venturi mask?
Identify flow in Fi02 and l/min
A
60 - 100%, 4 - 15 litres per minute
This device is one of the most accurate ways to deliver oxygen. Different-sized adapters are used to deliver a fixed or predicted Fi02. It is ideal for CO2 retainers or hypoxic individuals.
5
Q
Oxygen Administration
What flow rate would normally be used with a head box?
Identify flow in Fi02 and l/min
A
21 - 100%, 0.25 - 3 litres per minute
A transparent plastic box that fits over the head or shoulders of an infant. The infant can be observed easily, and a high concerntration of oxygen can be administered.
6
Q
The Respiratory System
Describe “airway resistance”
A
Refers to the impairment of flow as air moves though the airways.
7
Q
The Respiratory System
Describe “lung compliance”
A
A reflection of the elasticity of the lung, and surface tension on the alveoli, which determines the relative east of lung inflation.
8
Q
The Respiratory System
Describe “inspiration”
A
Air being drawn into the lungs as the diaphragm contracts and flattens
9
Q
The Respiratory System
Describe “expiration”
A
Air leaving the lungs as the diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic capacity
10
Q
The Respiratory System
Describe “ventilation”
A
Refers to the entire process of inspiration and expiration
11
Q
The Respiratory System
Describe the process of respiration, using the three processes
A
Ventilation: Being the movement of air between the atmosphere and the respiratory portion of the lungs
Perfusion: Being the flow of blood through the lungs
Diffusion: The transfer of gases between the alveoli and the blood
12
Q
The Respiratory System
Define URTI
A
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Infection involving the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx or trachea.
13
Q
The Respiratory System
Define LRTI
A
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Infection involving the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs
14
Q
The Respiratory System
Define APO
A
Acute Pulmonary Oedema
Fluid accumulation in lungs, impairing gas exchange and lung compliance
15
Q
The Respiratory System
Define COPD
A
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Progressive lung disease, most commonly emphysema and chronic bronchitis
16
Q
The Respiratory System
Define TB
A
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in the lung, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
17
Q
The Respiratory System
Define PE
A
Pulmonary Embolism
Blood clot preventing blood flow to or in the pulmonary artery
18
Q
The Respiratory System
Define the chronic inflammatory disorder of the lung
A
Asthma
19
Q
The Respiratory System
Define the progressive disease characterised by over-distension and destruction of alveolar walls
A
Emphysema
20
Q
The Respiratory System
Define the disease which commonly affects the bronchus and rapidly invades lung tissue
A
Lung cancer
21
Q
The Respiratory System
Define the slow progressive obstruction of the airways
A
COPD
22
Q
Define the chronic inflammatory process which causes vasodilation, congestion and oedema of the bronchial mucosa
A
Chronic bronchitis
23
Q
The Respiratory System
Identify and describe four traumatic respiratory disorders
A
Pneumothorax: Which is an accumulation of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse
“Flail chest”: Multiple rib fractures leading to a “floating chest”
Heamothorax: Accumulation of blood in th pleural space
Laryngotracheal trauma: Crushing wound to the larynx or trachea resulting in airway obstruction
24
Q
The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
What are the five functions of the skeleton?
A
Support and stabilisation of soft tissues
Protection of vital organs
Assists in body movement providing leverage and attachment points for muscles
Manufacture of red blood cells in bone marrow (Haematopoeisis)
Storage of fats and mineral salts, such as phosphorus and calcium
25
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Why is the protection of the musculoskeletal system so important?
The musculoskeletal system is the supporting structure of the body, providing protection for soft tissues, and enabling movement and function
26
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define and describe five diseases that impact the bones and skeletal system
Fracture: A broken or cracked bone, involving a simple fracture to multiple fractures, and extension to other body systems
Sprain: Damage to ligament, usually as a result of hyperextension
Strain: Damage to muscle and/or tendon, usually as a result of overexertion
Osteoporosis: A disease defined by decrease in bone mass, increase in bone porousness, and an increased susceptability to fractures
Osteomyelitis: An acute or chronic infection in the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissues. Usually bacterial in origin, but can be fungal, parasitic, or viral
27
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define and describe three disorders that affect the joints and tendons
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissue, primarily in the joints
Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease that causes degradation of the cartilage at the joints, leading to bone ends rubbing together and synovitis
Gout: Metabolic disease caused by inflammatory response to the production or excretion of uric acid in the blood, causing accumulation of urates in the joints
28
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define ten types of fractures
| ACCGILOOST
Avulsion
Comminuted
Compression
Greenstick
Impacted
Linear
Oblique (Displaced)
Oblique (Non-displaced)
Spiral
Transverse
29
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the six aims of care for an individual with a musculoskeletal disorder
Promote rest or gentle movement
Relieve pain
Prevent complications
Maintain skin integrity
Maintain adequate nutritional status
Promote rehabilitation
30
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Identify the five stages of bone healing
| BOICR
1. Bleeding at fractured ends of the bone with haemotoma formation
2. Organisation of haematoma into a fibrous network
3. Invasion of osteoblasts, lengthening of collagen strands and deposition of calcium
4. Callus formation as new bone builds up as osteoclasts break down dead bone
5. Remodelling is accomplished as excess is reabsorbed and trabecular bone is laid down
31
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the seven influences that delay bone healing
| AIIFMNR
Age
Infection
Ischaemia
Fat emboli
Mobility
Nutritional status
Remnant bone
32
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Describe a VTE and how to prevent them
Venous thromboembolism is the blockage of a vein caused by a thrombus, or blood clot, which commonly occur in the legs. Prevention includes regular leg exercise, antiembolic stocking application, sequential compression device therapy, and prophylactic anti-thrombotic medication
33
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define four conditions that might contraindicate application of antiembolic stockings
Dermatitis
Skin grafts
Size of legs
Peripheral vascular disease
34
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome
Swelling
Restriction of movement
Vascular compromise
Pain or lack of sensation
Severe pain during muscle stretch
35
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the six observations required during a neurovascular assessment
Presence of pulses
Temperature of the limb
Movement ability of the limb
Skin colour of the limb
Sensations at the limb
Capillary refill at the limb
36
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the three basic layers of the skin, and their function
Epidermis: Outermost layer, Avascular, protects tissue, stores melanin, contains phagocytes
Dermis: Second layer, vascular, nutrient supply to epidermis, regulation of body temperature, contains sensory receptors, contains hair follicles, subcutaneous glands and sweat glands
Subcutaneous: Innermost layer, vascular, protective and supportive layer, provides insulation and temperature regulation, contains storage for fat
37
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the four functions of the skin
Protection
Thermoregulation
Metabolism
Sensory perception
38
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define five factors that impact skin integrity
Age
Poor nutrition
Trauma
Excess moisture
Infection
39
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the signs and symptoms of Psoriasis
Red patches of thick, silvery scales on the skin, which may be accompanied by itching, burning, or painful lesions
40
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the signs and symptoms of Pityriasis
Scaly and pink macular rash usually occuring on back, torso, or abdomen, and may be mildly itchy.
41
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the signs and symptoms of contact dermatitis
Caused when an irritant substance comes into contact with the skin, causing inflammation and rash, which may be red, scaly and cracked in appearance
42
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the signs and symptoms of melanoma
A malignant tumour, seemingly related to excess sun exposure. Appears as a flat, irregular macule in the early stages, progressing to a dark brown or black spot. The moles may itch or bleed.
43
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define and describe a superficial thickness burn
A burn which has affected only the epidermal layer of the skin, leaving the skin dry, erythematous, oedematous and hypersensitive, causing irritation and pain.
44
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define and describe a partial thickness burn
A burn which has affected the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin, leading to erythematous flesh, poor vascularity, blistering, and significant pain.
45
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define and describe a full thickness burn
A burn which has affected the epidermal, dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin, leaving charred flesh, no blisters, little pain as the nerve endings have been destroyed, no vascularity, and appears white or charred black.
46
# The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Define the nursing care required for a patient with a full thickness burn
Manage shock
Manage hydration
Wound care
Manage nutrition
Pain management
Promote mobility
Manage scarring
Psychological support
47
# Special Senses
Define the action and an example of a miotic medication
Any medication which causes constriction of the pupil of the eye, to allow visualisation of other eye structures; Acetylcholine chloride
48
# Special Senses
Define the action and an example of an eye-related beta blocker
Reduce blood pressure, which can be used to reduce intraocular pressure, as a treatment for glaucoma; Betaxolol
49
# Special Senses
Define the action and an example of a mydriatic
Any medication which causes dilation of the pupil, allowing visualisation of other eye structures; Atropine sulfate
50
# Special Senses
Define the action and an example of an eye related carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A group of medications which supress the action of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme which interacts with carbon dixoxide and water to create carbonic acid, and helps reduce intraocular pressure; Acetazolamide
51
# Special Senses
Define the action and an example of a opthalmic vasoconstrictor
Medications which are used to constrict the blood vessels within the eye, reducing blood flow and intraocular pressure; Brimonidine tartrate
52
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of artificial tears
Medications, often based on normal saline, which artificially moisturise the eyes in cases where dry eyes is a problem; Normal saline
53
Define the action and give an example of diuretic used for eyes
A group of medications which increase fluid output, which may be prescribed to reduce intraocular pressure; Acetazolamide
54
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of an antibiotic used for eyes
Medications used to treat bacterial infection, such as bacterial conjunctivitis; Chloramphenicol
55
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of an anti-vertigo
Medications used to prevent and relieve the symptoms of vertigo, such as dizziness or a feeling of spinning; Hyoscine hydrobromide
56
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of an antibiotic used in the ear
Medications used to treat bacterial infection, such as bacterial otitis media; Chloramphenicol
57
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of a sedating anti-histamine used for the skin
Medications which inhibit the actions of histamine in the body, to prevent or manage allergic reaction, which also have a sedative effect; Promethazine hydrochloride
58
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of a non-sedating anti-histamine used for the skin
Medications which inhibit the actions of histamine in the body, to prevent or manage allergic reactions, which do not have a sedative effect; Fexofenadine hydrochloride
59
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of an anti-fungal used for the skin
Medications which act on fungal agents, inhibiting or prohibiting fungal growth; Clotrimazole
60
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of an antibiotic used for the skin
Medications used to treat bacterial infection, such as MRSA; Linezolid
61
# Special Senses
Define the action and give an example of an anti-parasitic used for the skin
Medications used to treat parasitic infestation, such as scabies; Permethrin
62
# The Cardiovascular System
Define the structures which make up the cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
Lymphatic system
63
# The Cardiovascular System
Define nine clinical manifestations of a cardiac disorder
Chest pain
Dyspnoea
Palpitations
Cough
Fatigue
Cyanosis
Syncope
Oedema
Abnormal pulse
64
# The Cardiovascular System
Define six clinical manifestations of a vascular disorder
Intermittent claudication
Pain at rest
Pale, cold extremities
Altered peripheral pulses
Gangrene
Leg ulcers
65
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe a myocardial infarction and the signs and symptoms a patient may present with
Myocardial infarction is the death of part of the myocardium as a result of severe or total ischaemia. Patients may present with central chest pain radiating to the jaw, arms, neck or back which lasts longer than five minutes; cold, clammy skin; Nausea and/or vomiting; dyspnoea; and angina amini.
66
# The Cardiovascular System
Explain how a MI would be diagnosed
Collection of blood to assess for the presence of the blood mark troponin, a cardiac enzyme, whose presence in the blood is an indicator of cardiac cell death, and allows diagnostic differentiation between angina and myocardial infarction.
67
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe the nursing interventions for a patient experiencing a MI
Pain management
Keep patient calm and still
Monitor for arrhythmia
Maintain ECG until pain free
Medication administration
Monitor oxygen saturation
Monitor for hypoxia
Monitor for signs of infection
Psychological management
68
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe the causes of angina
Angina is caused by diminished blood supply carrying oxygen to the heart, considered a reversible ischaemic process, and a precursor or warning sign of an impending MI
69
# The Cardiovascular System
Define the four types of angina
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Vasospastic angina
Microvascular angina
70
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe the treatment options for angina
Cardiac stress test to confirm diagnosis
Patient education to reduce stress and manage exertion
Pharmacological interventions (GTN, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
Angioplasty
Bypass surgery
71
# The Cardiovascular System
Define the cardiovascular disease which may require insertion of a pacemaker
Heart block, an arrhythmia where the heart beats to slowly, caused by an error in the hearts eletrical conductive system
72
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe ischaemic heart disease
Ischaemic heart disease is where the coronary arteries become diseased and are unable to supply adequate blood flow to the heart
73
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a deposition of atheromatous plaque within the walls of the artery, thus causing narrowing and loss of elasticity, followed by fibrosis and calcification, resulting in an occluded, inelastic artery and severely retarded blood flow, if at all.
74
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
75
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe ischaemia
Diminished blood supply
76
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe anaemia
Reduced red blood cell count
77
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe infarction
Death of tissue
78
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe asystole
Absence of ventricular contraction
79
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe angioplasty
Widening of coronary artery that have become occluded
80
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe a STEMI
ST elevated myocardial infarction, caused by a sudden and complete blockage of a coronary artery
81
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe a NSTEMI
Non ST elevated myocardial infarction, caused by a severely occluded artery, but not completely occluded
82
# The Cardiovascular System
Define three infectious and inflammatory conditions of the heart
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Endocarditis
83
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe the meaning of the abbreviations AF, Af, SVT, VT, and VF
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Supraventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
84
# The Cardiovascular System
Decribe a pulmonary embolism (PE)
A pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot enters the pulmonary artery, occluding blood flow to the lungs
85
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe the causes of a PE
Movement of an embolised clot, usually from the legs as a result of venous thromboembolism, which becomes lodged in the pulmonary artery, partially or completely occluding it.
86
# The Cardiovascular System
Define peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
A blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of the heart and brain to narrow, block or spasm
87
# The Cardiovascular System
Describe the clinical manifestations of PVD
Intermittent claudication
Pain at rest
Pale, cold extremities
Altered peripheral pulses
Gangrene
Leg ulcers
88
# The Cardiovascular System
Define lymphoedema
Swelling due to blocked lymphatic circulation
89
# The Cardiovascular System
Define aneurism
Burst blood vessel
90
# The Cardiovascular System
Define leukaemia
Cancer of the blood
91
# The Cardiovascular System
Define electrocardiogram
Measurement of the electrical activity of the heart
92
# The Cardiovascular System
Define hypertension
Elevated blood pressure
93
# The Cardiovascular System
Define pulmonary embolism
Blood clot in the pulmonary artery
94
# The Cardiovascular System
Define anaemia
Reduced red blood cell, haemoglobin, and iron count
95
# The Cardiovascular System
Define phlebitis
Inflammation of the blood vessels
96
# The Cardiovascular System
Define myocardial infarction
Death of the cells of the myocardium
97
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define gastritis
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa
98
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and intestines
99
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define haemorrhoids
Distended or swollen veins in the anal area, either internal or external
100
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define bowel obstruction
Mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines
101
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define Crohn's disease
A form of irritable bowel disease which can affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly affects the small intestine and/or colon
102
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define ulcerative colitis
Irritable bowel disease which affects the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon causing inflammation leading to ulceration, bleeding, mucous production and necrosis
103
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define cholelithiasis
Acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall, caused by stones in the cystic or common bile duct
104
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the veriform appendix
105
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define peptic ulcer
Localised area of erosion and ulceration in the stomach mucosa or duodenum
106
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define illeostomy
A surgically formed fistula from the ileum to the abdominal wall
107
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define ascities
Abnormal fluid buildup in the abdomen
108
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define maleana
Abnormal black tarry stool containing blood
109
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Haematemesis
Vomiting of blood
110
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the required treatment for a bowel obstruction
Implement nil by mouth, clear fluids, free fluids, or liquid diet as indicated; Insertion of nasogastric tube on straight drainage, aspirating every four hours; Implement intravenous therapy for fluid and mineral intake; A bowel resection may be required to remove the obstructed section of bowel, and a stoma may be required
111
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease
Abdominal pain and tenderness
Feeling of a filled abdomen
Fatigue
Diarrhoea, which may contain blood, mucous or pus
Constipation
Nausea
Weight loss
Pyrexia
Rectal bleeding
Inflammation of the joints, eyes and/or mouth
112
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe how Crohn's disease is diagnosed
A physical examination; Complete blood count, with a focus on anaemia and white blood cell count; Computerised tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen; An endoscopic examination; and a barium swallow test
113
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define seven symptoms of ulcerative colitis
Blood in stool
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhoea
Low grade pyrexia
Abdominal pain and distension
Weight loss
Malabsorption
114
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the treatment and management of a peptic ulcer
Administration of antibiotics (if indicated) and proton pump inhibiting medication; Management of diet, reducing spicy and acidic foods; Surgery may be required in severe cases to repair the mucosal lining
115
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the specific questions required when taking a history from a patient with a GI disorder
When did the patient last void; last have their bowels open; What is their appetite like; what is their diet like; what is their fluid intake like; have they experienced any nausea, vomiting, indigestion or diarrhoea; and reproductive history for females
116
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Define where an enteral tube may be inserted
Nasogastric tube (NGT) or Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
117
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe when a patient would require an enteral tube
Enteral tubes are used to drain fluids and matter from the stomach to reduce the risk of aspiration if the patient were to vomit, and to provide food or medications to a patient who cannot swallow
118
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the nursing management required for a patient on NGT straight drainage
pH testing; Tube measurement; X-ray confirmation of location; Fluid balance chart; Input and output tracking
119
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe four contraindications for NGT
Maxilofacial disorders, surgery or trauma
Skull fractures
Oesophageal tumours, fistula or surgery
Laryngectomy
120
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the equipment required for NGT insertion
Nasogastric tube
Lubricant
Tissues
Disposable receptacle
Enteral syringe
Personal protective equipment
pH indicator strips
Securing tape
Scissors
Torch
Drainage bag
Cup of water
Emesis receptacle
Tongue depressor
Skin preparation
Cap/spigot
Pen
121
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the key nursing responsibilities when nursing a patient with an enteral feed
Confirm placement of tube before use; Patient should be reclined in semi-fowlers position during feeding and for 30 to 60 minutes post feed; Monitor for signs of respiratory difficulty, vomiting/regurgitation, tolerance to feed, abdominal distension, pain, or diarrhoea
122
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe five possible complications associated with enteral feeds
Tube migration; Tube blockage; Regurgitation; Intolerance; Aspiration
123
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe how the placement of a NGT is checked
Through usage of pH testing (aspirate less than 5.5) or an x-ray
124
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the process if the aspirate from a NGT had a pH greater than 5.5
If pH is more than 5.5, consult with medical officer or senior nurse for advice, and do not use the tube
125
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe how many mL of water should be mixed with crushed medication administered by a NGT
10 to 15 mL
126
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe how many mL of water should be used when flushing the NGT tube
15 to 30 mL
127
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the process for checking a NGT prior to use
Informed consent; Contraindications; pH test; Aspirate; X-ray; Measure tube; Semi-fowlers; Flush 10 to 20 mL; Give medication or food; Flush 10 - 20 mL; Spigot tube; Document fluid balance chart, pH and measurement
128
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the action and give an example of an antacid
Medications given to relieve excessive gastric acid in the stomach, which may lead to GORD and peptic ulcers; Calcium carbonate
129
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the action and give an example of a proton pump inhibitor
Medications which reduce gastric acid secretions; Pantoprazole
130
Describe the action and give an example of a H2 antagonist
Medications which reduce gastric acid secretions; Nizatidine
131
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the action and give an example of a laxative/aperient
Medications which are taken to relieve constipation, by either improving peristaltic action or softening the stool; Lactulose
132
# Enteral Feeding and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Describe the action and give an example of an antidiarrhoel
Medications which are taken to relieve diarrhoea; Loperamide
