Assessment 2 Flashcards
What does EEG measure?
electric activity in the brain and how it changes
What does FMRI measure?
small changes in blood flow that occur in the brain
What’s the difference between EEG and FMRI?
EEG are signals directed towards the neuronal processing and FMRI are responses from changes in blood oxygen levels.
What effect does acetylcholine have on the brain?
alters the neuron excitability
Consciousness
state of being awake and aware of surrroundings
Active attention
when a person gives their full attention to a task or another person (top priority)
What happens when patients get split brain surgery?
The left and right side of the brain is no longer connected causing the patients body to act different.
Ex. seeing out of one side but not the other or reacting different since the brain isn’t working together.
Corpus Callosum
Connects the right and left side of the brain together
Hemispheric Specialization
two hemispheres in the brain (right and left) that have different functions
Active attention example
if you were talking to a person they would have nothing to distract them and they’re only focus would be on you
Passive attention example
something in the environment that can be distracting such as a bright light, strong odor, or loud noise
Automaticity example
driving, biking, or any physical activity
Subconscious processing
information we take in, but not aware it influences our behavior
A situation where subconscious cues are most persuasive
Music influences which type of alcohol we purchase and drink
Microexpressions
voluntary and involuntary emotional response occurring simultaneously and conflicting with one another
Subliminal processing
sensory stimulus processed but not aware
Inattentional blindness
failure to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere
Change blindness
failure to notice changes in the environment
Cocktail party effect
ability to focus on one person in a room full of other people
Inattentional blindness example
even though you think you’re paying attention to the road, you fail to notice a car swerve into your lane
Dichotic Listening
receiving two different messages at the same time to each ear
Circadian rhythm
physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle
How do circadian rhythms affect sleep?
When it’s light in the area you want to be awake, but if it’s dark your body wants to be asleep.
Stages of sleep
- Awake stage
- Stage 1 Sleep: Theta activity
- Stage 2 Sleep: Sleep spindles and K complexes
- Slow-wave sleep
- REM sleep
What is REM?
Where dreams occur, EEG recording become highly irregular, and the sleeping person’s eye will move side to side rapidly
What is slow-wave sleep (SWS)?
Broad term for stages 3-4 and EEG shows delta waves. It’s also the deepest stage of sleep.
What is cognitive processing?
conscious and putting in effort to explicitly process info
What is experiential processing?
Unconscious and automatic. Implicit process of info.
How does cognitive and experiential processing relate to selective attention?
one of them is when you’re trying to process info and the other one just happens when you’re not paying attention. selecting what you want to pay attention to.
What is ironic processing?
the more we try not to think about something the more we want to think about it
What is learning?
experience that changes our beliefs and values
Three types of learning
associative, consequences, acquisition of behavior
What are the basic components of classical conditioning?
a neutral stimulus (natural and automatically) and conditioned response (learned response)
Acquisition
initial stage; links neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so neutral stimulus begins triggering a conditioned response
ex. drinking coffee and your body will start to anticipate before
Extinction
diminishing a conditioned response
occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
ex. stop lights are similar yet we discriminate between them
Operant conditioning
When a strength of behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
What are the 4 operant contingencies and how do they differ?
Reinforcement, Punishment, Positive, and Negative
What are drawbacks of physical punishment?
teaches discrimination among situations, fear, and may increase aggression.
How can behavior be shaped by using operant conditioning?
at school, in sports, at work, and parenting.
What is trace conditioning?
when a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are separated by a constant interval.
How do reinforcement schedules affect behavior?
In a fixed schedule it’s predictable and in a variable it’s unpredictable.
How do punishment and negative reinforcement differ?
Negative reinforcement removes a negative conditioned to strengthen behavior. Punishment is taking something away to weaken a behavior.
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus. Operant condition associates voluntary behavior with a consequence.
What is biological preparedness and its relationship to learning?
Idea that humans and animals are inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
What is learned helplessness?
Absence of any attempt to help oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless.
How does learned helplessness relate to depression?
When highly desired outcomes are believed to be improbable and the individual has no expectation that anything they do will change the outcome.
What is Seligman’s research of learned helplessness in dogs?
The dogs do not try to escape because they expect that nothing they do will stop the shock.
What is the cognitive revolution?
It was an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s to study the mind and its processes.
What is memory?
persistence of learning over time through the retrieval of information
What are flashbulb memories?
create a strong sense in us that we remember with complete clarity where we were when it happened
What are 3 stages of processing of memory?
Sensory, short and long term
Three components of Baddeley’s Working memory model?
Phonological loop (inner voice), Episodic buffer (temporary store), Visuospatial Sketchpad (inner eye).
Different levels of elaborative encoding?
Deep processing: understanding function of equipment
Shallow: surface characteristics
Difference between explicit and implicit memories.
Implicit is unconsciously and explicit in consciously.
What info is processed unconsciously in the formation of memory?
- space, time, and frequency
- motor skills
- classical conditioning
What is the capacity of our short term memory?
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
Where are our long term memories processed and stored?
outside the hippocampus
What type of memory is more specific to frontal lobes and hippocampus?
explicit
What memory is more specific to the cerebellum and basal ganglia?
implicit
How do emotions effect our memory processing?
People in a positive mood are more likely to remember info and people that are in a bad mood are less likely to remember that info.
How do external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance influence memory retrieval?
External cues activate associations that help us retrieve memory.
How does retroactive and proactive memory interference occur?
old memories disrupt the retrieval of new memories.
What is memory consolidation and when does it occur?
when short term memories turn into long term.
According to Shacter, what are differences between errors of omission and errors of commission?
errors of omission: when info cannot be brought to mind
errors of commission: when unwanted info is brought to mind
What are different types of omission errors?
- transcience
- absent-mindedness
- blocking
What are different types of commission errors?
- misattribution
- suggestibility
- bias
- persistence
What does ‘g’ in intelligence testing mean?
general
What is the concept of ‘s’ in intelligence testing
specific
How has factor analysis been used to develop models of intelligence?
comparing outcomes for testing
Describe Thurstone’s 7 factor model of intelligence.
- verbal comprehension
- verbal fluency
- number
- spatial visualization
- memory
- reasoning
- perceptual speed
Explain how crystalline and fluid intelligence differ?
fluid intelligence: process new info
crystalline: stored knowledge
What are Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
musical, visual-spatial, intrapersonal, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic
What are the four components of emotional intelligence?
perceiving, understanding, managing, using
Can you describe how aging affects crystallized and fluid intelligence.?
fluid intelligence decreases with age
crystallized increases with age
How stable is intelligence over the life span?
it depends but typically decreases after the age of 85
How is intelligence testing been related to the eugenics movement in the USA?
development of intelligence testing was popularized as a tool to implement eugenics measures
What are flashbulb memories?
create a strong sense in us that we remember with complete clarity where we were when it happened
