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PSYCH 101 - Assesment 2 > Assessment 2 > Flashcards

Assessment 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

electric activity in the brain and how it changes

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2
Q

What does FMRI measure?

A

small changes in blood flow that occur in the brain

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3
Q

What’s the difference between EEG and FMRI?

A

EEG are signals directed towards the neuronal processing and FMRI are responses from changes in blood oxygen levels.

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4
Q

What effect does acetylcholine have on the brain?

A

alters the neuron excitability

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5
Q

Consciousness

A

state of being awake and aware of surrroundings

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6
Q

Active attention

A

when a person gives their full attention to a task or another person (top priority)

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7
Q

What happens when patients get split brain surgery?

A

The left and right side of the brain is no longer connected causing the patients body to act different.
Ex. seeing out of one side but not the other or reacting different since the brain isn’t working together.

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8
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the right and left side of the brain together

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9
Q

Hemispheric Specialization

A

two hemispheres in the brain (right and left) that have different functions

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10
Q

Active attention example

A

if you were talking to a person they would have nothing to distract them and they’re only focus would be on you

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11
Q

Passive attention example

A

something in the environment that can be distracting such as a bright light, strong odor, or loud noise

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12
Q

Automaticity example

A

driving, biking, or any physical activity

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13
Q

Subconscious processing

A

information we take in, but not aware it influences our behavior

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14
Q

A situation where subconscious cues are most persuasive

A

Music influences which type of alcohol we purchase and drink

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15
Q

Microexpressions

A

voluntary and involuntary emotional response occurring simultaneously and conflicting with one another

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16
Q

Subliminal processing

A

sensory stimulus processed but not aware

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17
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere

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18
Q

Change blindness

A

failure to notice changes in the environment

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19
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus on one person in a room full of other people

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20
Q

Inattentional blindness example

A

even though you think you’re paying attention to the road, you fail to notice a car swerve into your lane

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21
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

receiving two different messages at the same time to each ear

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22
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle

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23
Q

How do circadian rhythms affect sleep?

A

When it’s light in the area you want to be awake, but if it’s dark your body wants to be asleep.

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24
Q

Stages of sleep

A
  • Awake stage
  • Stage 1 Sleep: Theta activity
  • Stage 2 Sleep: Sleep spindles and K complexes
  • Slow-wave sleep
  • REM sleep
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25
Q

What is REM?

A

Where dreams occur, EEG recording become highly irregular, and the sleeping person’s eye will move side to side rapidly

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26
Q

What is slow-wave sleep (SWS)?

A

Broad term for stages 3-4 and EEG shows delta waves. It’s also the deepest stage of sleep.

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27
Q

What is cognitive processing?

A

conscious and putting in effort to explicitly process info

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28
Q

What is experiential processing?

A

Unconscious and automatic. Implicit process of info.

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29
Q

How does cognitive and experiential processing relate to selective attention?

A

one of them is when you’re trying to process info and the other one just happens when you’re not paying attention. selecting what you want to pay attention to.

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30
Q

What is ironic processing?

A

the more we try not to think about something the more we want to think about it

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31
Q

What is learning?

A

experience that changes our beliefs and values

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32
Q

Three types of learning

A

associative, consequences, acquisition of behavior

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33
Q

What are the basic components of classical conditioning?

A

a neutral stimulus (natural and automatically) and conditioned response (learned response)

34
Q

Acquisition

A

initial stage; links neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so neutral stimulus begins triggering a conditioned response

ex. drinking coffee and your body will start to anticipate before

35
Q

Extinction

A

diminishing a conditioned response

occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus

36
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

37
Q

Generalization

A

a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

38
Q

Discrimination

A

distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

ex. stop lights are similar yet we discriminate between them

39
Q

Operant conditioning

A

When a strength of behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

40
Q

What are the 4 operant contingencies and how do they differ?

A

Reinforcement, Punishment, Positive, and Negative

41
Q

What are drawbacks of physical punishment?

A

teaches discrimination among situations, fear, and may increase aggression.

42
Q

How can behavior be shaped by using operant conditioning?

A

at school, in sports, at work, and parenting.

43
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

when a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are separated by a constant interval.

44
Q

How do reinforcement schedules affect behavior?

A

In a fixed schedule it’s predictable and in a variable it’s unpredictable.

45
Q

How do punishment and negative reinforcement differ?

A

Negative reinforcement removes a negative conditioned to strengthen behavior. Punishment is taking something away to weaken a behavior.

46
Q

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus. Operant condition associates voluntary behavior with a consequence.

47
Q

What is biological preparedness and its relationship to learning?

A

Idea that humans and animals are inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

48
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Absence of any attempt to help oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless.

49
Q

How does learned helplessness relate to depression?

A

When highly desired outcomes are believed to be improbable and the individual has no expectation that anything they do will change the outcome.

50
Q

What is Seligman’s research of learned helplessness in dogs?

A

The dogs do not try to escape because they expect that nothing they do will stop the shock.

51
Q

What is the cognitive revolution?

A

It was an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s to study the mind and its processes.

52
Q

What is memory?

A

persistence of learning over time through the retrieval of information

53
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

create a strong sense in us that we remember with complete clarity where we were when it happened

54
Q

What are 3 stages of processing of memory?

A

Sensory, short and long term

55
Q

Three components of Baddeley’s Working memory model?

A

Phonological loop (inner voice), Episodic buffer (temporary store), Visuospatial Sketchpad (inner eye).

56
Q

Different levels of elaborative encoding?

A

Deep processing: understanding function of equipment
Shallow: surface characteristics

57
Q

Difference between explicit and implicit memories.

A

Implicit is unconsciously and explicit in consciously.

58
Q

What info is processed unconsciously in the formation of memory?

A
  • space, time, and frequency
  • motor skills
  • classical conditioning
59
Q

What is the capacity of our short term memory?

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

60
Q

Where are our long term memories processed and stored?

A

outside the hippocampus

61
Q

What type of memory is more specific to frontal lobes and hippocampus?

A

explicit

62
Q

What memory is more specific to the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

A

implicit

63
Q

How do emotions effect our memory processing?

A

People in a positive mood are more likely to remember info and people that are in a bad mood are less likely to remember that info.

64
Q

How do external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance influence memory retrieval?

A

External cues activate associations that help us retrieve memory.

65
Q

How does retroactive and proactive memory interference occur?

A

old memories disrupt the retrieval of new memories.

66
Q

What is memory consolidation and when does it occur?

A

when short term memories turn into long term.

67
Q

According to Shacter, what are differences between errors of omission and errors of commission?

A

errors of omission: when info cannot be brought to mind
errors of commission: when unwanted info is brought to mind

68
Q

What are different types of omission errors?

A
  • transcience
  • absent-mindedness
  • blocking
69
Q

What are different types of commission errors?

A
  • misattribution
  • suggestibility
  • bias
  • persistence
70
Q

What does ‘g’ in intelligence testing mean?

A

general

71
Q

What is the concept of ‘s’ in intelligence testing

A

specific

72
Q

How has factor analysis been used to develop models of intelligence?

A

comparing outcomes for testing

73
Q

Describe Thurstone’s 7 factor model of intelligence.

A
  1. verbal comprehension
  2. verbal fluency
  3. number
  4. spatial visualization
  5. memory
  6. reasoning
  7. perceptual speed
74
Q

Explain how crystalline and fluid intelligence differ?

A

fluid intelligence: process new info
crystalline: stored knowledge

75
Q

What are Gardner’s multiple intelligences?

A

musical, visual-spatial, intrapersonal, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic

76
Q

What are the four components of emotional intelligence?

A

perceiving, understanding, managing, using

77
Q

Can you describe how aging affects crystallized and fluid intelligence.?

A

fluid intelligence decreases with age
crystallized increases with age

78
Q

How stable is intelligence over the life span?

A

it depends but typically decreases after the age of 85

79
Q

How is intelligence testing been related to the eugenics movement in the USA?

A

development of intelligence testing was popularized as a tool to implement eugenics measures

80
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

create a strong sense in us that we remember with complete clarity where we were when it happened

PSYCH 101 - Assesment 2 (1 decks)

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