Assessment

Question 1

Define ecchymosis

Answer 1

Bruising

Question 2

Define erythropoiesis

Answer 2

RBC production
Happens in the bone marrow

Question 3

Define fibrinolysis.

Answer 3

Breakdown of fibrin clot

Question 4

Define hematopoiesis

Answer 4

Blood cell production (all blood cells)

Question 5

Define hemolysis

Answer 5

Destruction of RBCs
This is a normal process in liver, spleen for removing abnormal, defective, old, damaged RBCs.
Bilrubin is byproduct of this.

Question 6

Define leukopenia

Answer 6

Shortage of WBCs

Question 7

Define neutropenia

Answer 7

Shortage of neutrophils

Question 8

Define pancytopenia

Answer 8

Shortage of RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Question 9

Define reticulocyte.

Answer 9

Immature RBC

Question 10

Define thrombocytopenia

Answer 10

Shortage of platelets

Question 11

Define thrombocytosis

Answer 11

Too many platelets
Think inflammation, cancer

Question 12

Normal lab value for RBCs in
Female?
Male?

Answer 12

Female: 4.2—5.4

Male: 4.7—6.1

Think generally 4—6 with men being slightly higher.

Question 13

Normal lab value for WBCs?
Critical low?
Critical high?

Answer 13

5—10K
Critical low=<2K
Critical high=>30K

Question 14

Normal lab value for hemoglobin in
Female?
Male?
Critical low?
Critical high?

Answer 14

Female: 12—16
Male: 14-18
Think about this as females mature earlier than males
Critical low: <6.6
Critical high: >20

Question 15

Normal lab value for hematocrit in
Female?
Male?
Critical low?
Critical high?

Answer 15

Female: 37–47%
Male: 42—-52%
Critical low: <20%
Critical high: >60%

Question 16

Normal lab value for platelets?
Critical low?
Critical high?

Answer 16

150K—–400K
Critical low: <30K
Critical high: >1,000,000

Question 17

What is a normal PT value?
What is the test for?
What is normal INR?
Their relationship?

Answer 17

11—12.5 seconds
This is to measure how long it takes for your blood to clot.

INR: 0.8–1.1
These 2 are always done together. They aren’t exactly the same but INR is a different measurement of the PT result.

Question 18

A high PT/INR would indicate what?

Answer 18

Slow clotting (reduce anticoags)
This test is used often to figure out balance of heparin/warfarin for patient.

Question 19

What is the relationship between PT and APTT?

Answer 19

They are both used to test clotting time. However, there are slight differences between which factors in clotting cascade they test. This is important when trying to diagnose a problem with a specific factor deficiency.
APPT is also used to monitor anticoagulant therapy.

Question 20

What is normal value for ESR?
High ESR indicates what?

Answer 20

<20
This is measure of how quickly RBCs settle to bottom of sample.

Chronic inflammation
Infection
Anemia
Autoimmune
Cancer
Crohns
and lots of different other problems

Question 21

What are normal fibrinogen levels?
Critical low?
Critical high?

Answer 21

200—400
Low: <80 (think late stage DIC)
High: >800 (inflammation, infection, trauma)

Question 22

What are normal D-Dimer levels?
What does this measure?

Answer 22

<250
Anything >250 indicates there has been a clot somewhere in body.
PE
MI
CVA
DVT
DIC (all the little clots that happen early)
Eclampsia

Question 23

What does MCV measure? What is normal value?

Answer 23

Size of RBC
80—95

Question 24

What does MCH measure? What is normal value?

Answer 24

Average amount of hemoglobin on RBC (in weight)
27—31

Question 25

What does MCHC measure?

Answer 25

Average concentration of hemoglobin in sample of RBCs (in volume) 32----36%

Question 26

What do MCV, MCH, MCHC all tell you?

Answer 26

The health of the RBCs

Question 27

Where is red bone marrow located?

Answer 27

Flat, irregular bones

Question 28

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

Answer 28

An immature blood cell that can differentiate into any blood cell

Question 29

How much of the blood is plasma? What does plasma contain?

Answer 29

55% Proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, clotting factors, waste.

Question 30

What is serum?

Answer 30

Plasma minus the clotting factors

Question 31

What protein maintains oncotic pressure?

Answer 31

albumin This can be given as a volume expander.

Question 32

Why is the shape of RBCs important?

Answer 32

Their flexibility makes it possible to get into tiny capillaries.

Question 33

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 33

Stimulates RBC production from the bone marrow.

Question 34

Normal life span of RBC

Answer 34

120 days

Question 35

What is hemastasis?

Answer 35

Stopping the bleeding

Question 36

How should supplemental iron be taken?

Answer 36

Without dairy With calcium Empty stomach

Question 37

What are the 3 types of granulocytes in WBCs? What is their main job?

Answer 37

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils --Phagocytosis--

Question 38

What is the most common granulocytes? What percentage of WBCs?

Answer 38

Neutrophils 65--75% of WBCs

Question 39

What could an elevated eosinophil count indicate?

Answer 39

Parasitic infection

Question 40

When basophil count elevated, could be an indication of?

Answer 40

Allergic and inflammatory process

Question 41

What are the two types of agranulocytes within WBCs?

Answer 41

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Question 42

What is job of monocytes?

Answer 42

Powerful macrophages Some are resident macrophages in specialized areas (like alveolar)

Question 43

What are the 2 main types of lymphocytes? Where are lymphocytes stored?

Answer 43

T cells B cells Stored in spleen and other lymphoid tissues

Question 44

What is job of T cells?

Answer 44

T cells differentiate into different types of "killers" They do this by cell mediated response. This means cells are "marked" for destruction. T cells show up to do the job.

Question 45

What is job of B cells?

Answer 45

They make antibodies to start their attack. This is called humoral response. Humoral in Latin means "in fluid". B cells stay in blood and lymph.

Question 46

What is a thrombocyte?

Answer 46

Platelet

Question 47

How should a swollen (but normal) lymph node feel?

Answer 47

Sore Firm but not hard Movable Should not be >1 cm

Question 48

If a lymph node is hard and immovable, what should we suspect?

Answer 48

Cancer

Question 49

What are some important health hx questions to ask if we suspect hematological problems?

Answer 49

Energy levels Meds Smoking/alcohol Recent surgeries Diet Unusual bleeding/bruising Dizziness Heavy periods

Question 50

What are flat or slightly raised purple/red discolorations called?

Answer 50

Pupura Indicated hyper coagulability

Question 51

What are round, red centers with branching radiations called?

Answer 51

Spider angiomas or Spider nevus Indicated high estrogen or liver disease

Question 52

What are raised red warty looking skin lesions?

Answer 52

Angiomas Benign