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Biology Multicellular > Assessment > Flashcards

Assessment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the four component parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum (forebrain), Cerebellum (hindbrain), Diencephalon, Brain Stem

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2
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum is the large folded area of the brain and is responsible for conscious thoughts, reasoning, memory and emotions. All voluntary movements.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum is found at the rear of the brain below the cerebrum and controls balance and coordinated movement.

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4
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Relay centre connecting cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. Breathing, heart rate, body temperature, etc. Contains the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

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5
Q

Name the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe located at the front of the brain, Parietal lobe located at the middle of the brain, Temporal lobe located on the sides of the brain, and the Occipital lobe located at the back of the brain

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6
Q

Name the function of the frontal lobe

A

Personality, emotions, thinking, libido, memory

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7
Q

Name the function of the parietal lobe

A

Spoken language, motor functions, spatial relationships and touch and pain

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8
Q

Name the function of the temporal Lobe

A

Auditory information such as hearing and recognition of speech

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9
Q

Name the function of the occipital Lobe

A

Vision, recognition of images

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10
Q

Name the function of the midbrain

A

Contains reflex centres that govern the movement of the eyes, head and neck in response to sound.

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11
Q

Name the function of the pons

A

Bridge that connects all parts of the brain, contains parts of the respiratory centres that help control breathing

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12
Q

Name the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls rate and depth of breathing, blood pressure and heartbeat.

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13
Q

Name the function of the pituitary gland

A

Produces hormones to regulate many bodily functions such as growth and metabolism, and reproduction

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14
Q

Name the function of the hypothalamus

A

Controls the pituitary gland, and controls many of the bodies activities and is the main regulator of homeostasis.

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15
Q

Name the function of the thalamus

A

Relays all sensory input to the cerebrum, allows perception of pain, temperature and pressure, plays a role in awareness and acquisition of knowledge

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16
Q

Name the function of the corpus callosum

A

Connects the hemispheres of the brain and is the point of the brain where electrical activity accumulates

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17
Q

What makes up the nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System and Central Nervous System

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18
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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19
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

Motor neurons and sensory neurons

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20
Q

What are the folds and bumps of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri and Sulci

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21
Q

What is the function of motor neuron’s

A

They transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles/glands (EFFECTORS) via an efferent pathway

22
Q

What is the function of sensory neuron’s

A

Sensory neurons transmit signals from the sensory organs/glands to the central nervous system via an afferent pathway

23
Q

What are the three types of neuron’s

A

Sensory neuron’s, motor neuron’s, and interneurons

24
Q

What’s the function of the somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary movement, involves skeletal muscle and involves reflex action

25
Q

Whats the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary movements and responses and is divided into parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

26
Q

Function of the nervous system

A

Maintains homeostasis, sends signals from one part of the body to another, helps coordinate the bodies activities. Has a sensory function, integrative function and motor function.

27
Q

Function of integrative function

A

Sensory information is brought to the brain and interpreted. The integration system involves homeostasis in the hypothalamus

28
Q

What are the components of a nerve cell

A

Dendrite, cell body (soma), myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier, axon, axon terminal bundle

29
Q

What is an action potential

A

An electrical impulse in the body that helps us move, talk, breathe etc

30
Q

What is a synapse

A

A gap between two neurones (nerve cells) or a nerve cell and a muscle cell

31
Q

What needs to be released for an Action Potential to travel across a synapse?

A

A special chemical called a neurotransmitter. This is usually Acetylcholine

32
Q

Why do we have reflexes

A

They protect us providing instantaneous and immediate responses

33
Q

What are the component parts of a reflex arc

A

(Stimulus): Sensory Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Spinal Cord, Interneuron, Motor Neuron and Effector

34
Q

First stage of mitosis

A

Interphase (initial) = cannot see chromosomes, DNA replication and cell growth, normal cell function

35
Q

Second stage of mitosis

A

Prophase (pre) =early and late stages, nuclear membrane disappears, see chromosomes (thickened), formation

36
Q

Third stage of mitosis

A

Metaphase (middle) = chromosomes migrate to equator midline, spindles attach

37
Q

Fourth stage of mitosis

A

Anaphase (away) = chromosomes are pulled apart, move to each pole

38
Q

Final stage of mitosis

A

Telophase (two cells form) = cytokinesis, two identical daughter cells form

39
Q

What is the need for mitosis

A

Growth, repair, and replenishment

40
Q

Define mitosis

A

A process where new cells are produced through nuclear cell division when the nuclei of parent cells’ divide and the cytoplasm of the daughter cell splits in two.

41
Q

How does a red blood cells structure help with its function

A

It has a biconcave shape to increase flexibility when travelling through the body and no nucleus to allow more surface area to be able to carry maximum amount of o2

42
Q

How does an epithelial cells structure help with its function

A

Packed closely together to allow more protection and contains goblet cells to help secrete mucus which traps dirt/pathogens and prevent infection

43
Q

Name four types of tissue in the body

A

Epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

44
Q

Name the function of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue functions include protection (against pathogens), secretion (of mucus), absorption (of vitamins), excretion (sweat etc)

45
Q

Name the function of muscle tissue

A

Muscle Tissue, 3 types in the body with varying functions. Cardiac muscle helps the heart to contract and beat. Smooth Muscle helps the body to maintain tone and helps support major organ systems. Skeletal Muscle helps with attachment to tendons and bones to help us move and maintain upright posture.

46
Q

Name the function of connective tissue

A

Connective Tissue involves bone, blood, fat tissue (adipose) and cartilage. These tissues help to support, carry nutrients around the body, cushion the body, separate compartments and storage of vital substances

47
Q

Name the function of nervous tissue

A

Nervous Tissue is very specialist. Separated into two types of cell: Neurons of which there are 3 types and these conduct signals in the body and also Neuroglial cells which do not conduct but protect & nourish neurons.

48
Q

Whats the function of xylem cells

A

Is the water and salt systems in plants. A unidirectional system from roots – stem – leaves. The lignin in the xylem stiffens the wall to help protect the structure of the plant

49
Q

What is the function of phloem cells

A

Is the sugar transport system. It is multidirectional so circulates around the whole plant. It has cells within it called sieve plates that filter sugar through and companion cells which helps with filtering also.

50
Q

Name the two regulatory systems of the body

A

The two regulatory systems of the body are: The Nervous System and The Endocrine System. These systems work in sync with each other. An example of an organ in each would be, the brain (responsible for thought processes, imagination, personality, movement etc) and the

pancreas/thyroid/testes/ovaries in the Endocrine System responsible for secreting hormones to control numerous functions in the body. An example of a disease of the brain is Parkinson’s Disease and of the pancreas is Diabetes.

Biology Multicellular (2 decks)

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