Assessment Flashcards
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Infancy (0-1 year): Trust v. mistrust (trust or mistrust that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met) [hope]
- Early childhood (1-3 yrs): Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (develop a sense of independence in many tasks) [will]
- Play age (3-6 yrs): Initiative vs. guilt (take initiative on some activities-may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped) [purpose]
- School age (7-11 yrs): industry vs. inferiority (develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not) [competence]
- Adolescence (12-18 yrs): identity vs. confusion (experiment with and develop identity and roles) [fidelity]
- Early adulthood (19-29 yrs): intimacy vs. isolation (establish intimacy and relationships with others) [love]
- Middle age (30-64 yrs): generatively vs. stagnation (contribute to society and be part of a family) [care]
- Old age (65+): integrity vs. despair (assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions [wisdom]
Interaction Patterns
- Intra-individual: action taking place within the mind or action involving the mind and a part of the body; requires no contact with another person or external object (yoga, meditation)
- Extra-individual: action directed by a person toward an object; requires not contact with another person (reading, solitaire, listening to music, exercycle, puzzles, toys)
- Aggregate: action directed toward an object while in the company of other directing action towards objects; no interaction among participants required (crafts, watching TV)
- Inter-individual: action of a competitive nature directed by one person toward another person (checkers, cards, billiards, ping-pong)
- Unilateral: action of a competitive nature among three of more person, one of whom is an antagonist or “it”; interaction is in simultaneous competitive relationship (tag)
- Multilateral: action of a competitive nature among three or more persons with no one person as an antagonist (table games, poker, horse, cards)
- Intra-group: action of a cooperative nature by two or more persons intent upon reaching a mutual goal; action requires positive verbal or nonverbal interaction (plays, building a birdhouse, choirs)
- Inter-group: action of a competitive nature between two or more inter-groups (team sports)
Parten’s Stages of Play
- Unoccupied play (0-3mo): watching and responding to things in the environment that catches one’s attention, such as sounds, colors, movements, and sensations
- Solitary play (0-2ys): occupying oneself by playing alone and independently in purposeful, sustained engagement in activities with objects, toys, materials, or games
- Spectator/onlooker play (2-2.5 yrs): occupying oneself by purposeful observation of the activities of others with objects, toys, materials, or games, but not joining in their activities
- Parallel play (2.5-3yrs): engaging in purposeful, sustained activities with objects, toys, materials, or games in presence of other persons also engaged inlay, but not joining in on their activities
- Associative play (3-4yrs): engaging in play with others who are doing the same or similar activity (following one another with trains) and takes, lends, or borrows objects, toys, materials, and games from others; each child acts as they wish and do not subordinate their individual interests to that of the group
- Cooperative play (4+yrs): engaging in play with others with a shared goal or purpose
Group session structure
- Opening of the session: CTRS helps clients relax, get to know each other, and understand what will occur
- Body of the session: focus-game, arts and crafts, leisure awareness, etc.
- Closing of the session: process the activity-debrief, outcomes of the activity meet goals (CTRS focuses, redirects, blocks, links and summarizes in order to summarize and bring closure to the session)
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
CMS: establishes regulations for both programs; important for CTRS to understand regulations if patients are receiving funding from these
The Joint Commission
-accredits hospitals and facilities that provide health care services that meet essential standards
-identifiers=client name and DOB
Commission for the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)
establishes standards for organizations that might offer TR service; standards developed address programming issues that CTRSs must meet and relate directly to TR services
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
provides regulations to reduce workplace hazards and dangerous conditions
Accreditation Canada
provides standards and accreditation programs for many healthcare services across Canada
Views on leisure
- Leisure as time
- Leisure as activity
- Leisure as a state of mind
- Leisure as a symbol of social status
- Leisure as an anti-utilitarian concept
- Leisure as a holistic concept
*CTRS should determine client’s view to meet them where they are at
Perceived freedom
people think they have a choice when related to leisure; people do not really have leisure unless they at least believe they have the freedom to choose what they do during leisure
Intrinsic motivation
motivation for leisure must come from within rather than from external factors
Locus of Control
amount of control a person feels they have over the events that occur in their life; internal=person believes they have control of outcome of events; external=person believes outcome of events is due to luck, environment, or others
Quality of Life
person’s physical, psychological, social, occupational, and leisure functioning as well as sense of well-being
Boundary Violations
-romantic/sexual relationship
-receiving gift of money
-favoring a client at expense of another
-telling client personal things to make an impression
Professional Boundaries
-invisible structures imposed by legal and ethical standards
-focus of relationship is on clients’ needs with purpose and health goals and concludes when they are met
Cognitive/Developmental Disorder
-Developmental=”severe and chronic disorder involving mental and/or physical impairment that originates before age 22”; causes substantial functional limitations in 3 of 7 areas of major life activity (self-care, receptive and expressive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and economic self-sufficiency”
-Intellectual=”deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, planning abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience that cause impairment in adaptive functioning such as communication, socializing, academic or occupational functioning, and person independence”; mild, moderate, severe, and profound based on functioning not IQ scores
-Most people who have intellectual disability are developmentally disabled but opposite is not always true
Autism Spectrum Disorder
-3 out of 4 diagnosed thought to have intellectual disability
-3 levels: requiring support, requiring substantial support, and requiring very substantial support”
-Features:
1. impairment in social communication and interaction
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
3. Sensory issues
4. Eating issues
5. Sleeping issues
6. No emotional reaction
7. Excessive fear
8. Speech issues (echolalia)
9. Poor eye contact
10. Resistance to change
11. Sustained odd play
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
-involved in an accident and may have other complications that involve their physical abilities
-Glasgow Scale: predicts degree of recovery and severity of a TBI
-Rancho Scale: identifies eight levels of cognitive functioning organized into 4 intervention stages
Cardiovascular Accident (CVA)
-stroke (interruption of the blow-flow to the brain)
-Hemiplegia (paralysis)
-damage to right side of brain: left hemiplegia, problems with depth perception, visual neglect, problems orienting to environment, and estimating abilities
-damage to left side of brain: right hemiplegia, aphasia (problem speaking), understanding, reading, writing, and judgement
Dementia (major neurocognitive disorder)
-decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with independence and daily life
-Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Parkinson’s, Alcohol-related Dementia, and Frontal-Temporal Dementia
-2 sets of symptoms:
1. Behavioral (apathy, physical aggression or nonaggression, verbal nonaggression or aggression, or refusal of care or medication [causes most issues for caregivers])
2. Cognitive (loss of skills and memory)
-Other symptoms: depression, paranoia, social withdrawal, or suicidal ideation
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
-most common form of dementia
-3 stages
Stage 1/Mild: lasts between 2-4 years
Stage 2/Moderate: lasts from 2-7 years
Stage 3/Severe: lasts from 1-3 years
Epilepsy
-chronic brain disorder characterized by recurring attacks of abnormal sensory, motor, and psychological activity
-Primary=no identifiable etiology
-Secondary=after an impact to the brain that causes seizures
-Partial=only one cerebral hemisphere
-Generalized=both hemispheres
-Simple=no loss of consciousness
-complex=loses consciousness
Physical/Medical Disorders and Related Impairments
-largest group in Diagnostic Groupings listing any impairment that is not under cognitive, sensory, or psychiatric
-may cause adjust in person’s activities but not complete change of lifestyle
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
-developmental disorder characterized by problems controlling movement
-non-progressive
-Described by….
1. Limb involvement (quadriplegia, paraplegia, diplegia, hemiplegia, triplegia, or monoplegia)
2. Exhibited symptoms (spasticity, athetosis, or ataxia)
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
-group of related diseases that affect the muscoskeletal system
-Duchenne or childhood MD: most severe and common, affects male children who show symptoms by 2-3, progressive, use wheelchair by adolescence, confined to bed by adult, most die in early 20s
-Facio-scapulo-humeral MD
-Limb-girdle MD
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
-paraplegia or quadriplegia
-usually acquired through trauma
Mutiple Sclerosis (MS)
-impacts nervous system
-diagnosed in individuals between 20 and 50
-causes deterioration of the myelin sheath
-no set patten of symptoms, but common are speech disturbances, balance problems, vertigo, blurred vision, walking difficulties, and tremors
-exacerbation and remission pattern, but never complete recovery to original functioning level
Diseases of the circulatory system
-myocardial infraction or specific heart condition that may impact treatment
-Class I (no limitation of physical activity) to Class IV (inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort)
Endocrine and metabolic system diseases
-Diabetes mellitus (large amounts of sugar in the blood and urine)
-Type 1: immune mediated before age 30; difficult to regulate and person usually on insulin
-Type 2: more common and appears when over 40; managed by diet and some require insulin
-DM is often a secondary condition
Cancer
-Symptoms=tumors growing in specific area of the body; can be benign or malignant (invasive, grows rapidly, can metastasize through circulatory or lymph system)
-tumors graded on 1-4 and TNM system (T=size and extent, N=number of area lymph nodes involved, M=any metastasis)
Autoimmune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
-viral infection associated with HIV
-sexually transmitted or by blood
-spectrum of symptoms
-CTRS must help client cope with an incurable disease and continue quality of life that is appealing to them
Visual impairments/blind
-legally blind=20/200 or less
-CTRS help them in community, meet rec needs through adaptive equipment, and sports
-knowing etiology and teaching/learning techniques is important
Hearing impairments
-measured by the degree of speech heard per decibel level
-CTRS needs to be aware of residual hearing ability, use of hearing aids, which ear can hear better, type of communication method preferred, and understanding of deaf culture