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ETP Test 2 > Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness > Flashcards

Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness Flashcards

1
Q

Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)

A

Functional capacity of cardiorespiratory (CR) system (Capacity of heart, lungs, blood vessels to deliver O2); Criterion (gold standard) of cardiorespiratory fitness

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2
Q

The aerobic system is also responsible for assisting in…

A

Offloading of anaerobic byproducts

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3
Q

3 Energy Systems

A

ATP-Pc, Glycolytic, Aerobic

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4
Q

An increase in VO2 max causes and increase in…

A

Aerobic state (better aerobic conditioning)

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5
Q

VO2max

A

Plateau of VO2 (Trainable to some extent)

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6
Q

VO2peak

A

Highest rate of O2 consumption regardless of VO2 plateau (Specific to a type of modality)

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7
Q

Cardiorespiratory Fitness is related to the ability to perform

A

Large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods

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8
Q

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Performance depends on

A

Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Skeletal muscle Systems

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9
Q

(1) Cardiorespiratory Fitness is considered health-related fitness because: Low levels of CR fitness have been associated with a…

A

Markedly increased risk of premature death from all causes and specifically from CV disease

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10
Q

(2) Cardiorespiratory Fitness is considered health-related fitness because: Increases in CR fitness are associated with a…

A

Reduction in death from all causes

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11
Q

(3) Cardiorespiratory Fitness is considered health-related fitness because: High levels of CR fitness are associated with…

A

Higher levels of habitual physical activity (Which in turn are associated with many health benefits)

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12
Q

VO2max is accepted as the…

A

Criterion measure of CR fitness (Concept of Maximal O2 Uptake)

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13
Q

VO2max =

A

Q * a-vO2 difference (arterial -venous oxygen difference)

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14
Q

Significant variations in VO2max across populations and fitness levels result primarily from…

A

Differences in maximal Q in individuals w/out pulmonary disease

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15
Q

VO2max is closely related to the…

A

Functional capacity of the heart

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16
Q

Because of costs associated w/equipment, space, and personnel needed to carry out these tests…

A

Direct measurement of VO2max generally is reserved for Research or clinical settings

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17
Q

When direct measurement of VO2max is not feasible…

A

A variety of submaximal and maximal exercise tests can be used to estimate VO2max

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18
Q

It should be noted that there is the potential for what when using indirect measurement techniques?

A

A significant overestimation of directly measured VO2max by these types of indirect measurement techniques

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19
Q

Overestimation of VO2max is more likely to occur when:

A

1) Exercise protocol chosen is too aggressive for a given individual, (2) When treadmill testing is employed and the individual heavily relies on handrail support

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20
Q

Every effort to determine VO2max when choosing test protocol should therefore be taken to…

A

Choose the appropriate exercise protocol given an individual’s characteristics and minimize handrail use

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21
Q

Aerobic Power

A

Synonymous with Cardiovascular Endurance; Indicative of body’s ability to utilize oxygen for the performance of work

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22
Q

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)

A

Most often used indicator of aerobic power; Maximal amount of oxygen your body can utilize when exercising; The greater the VO2max, the more aerobically fit

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23
Q

The pathway by which oxygen is transported from atmospheric air to the active muscles

A

CO2 enriched, O2 depleted blood returns to the heart > Oxygen-poor air to the lungs > Exhale CO2 > Inhales oxygen-rich air > Oxygen-rich blood from lungs to body > Exercising muscle uses oxygen (O2 in, CO2, ATP out)

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24
Q

What Determines VO2max

A

Combination of “Central” and “Peripheral” Factors

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25
Q

Central Factors to determine VO2max

A

Delivery of oxygen rich blood to the active musculature; Cardiovascular system (Cardiac Output (Q) = HR * SV); Cardiac Output; Muscle capillary density

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26
Q

Cardiac Output

A
  1. blood volume, 2. venous return, 3. resistance to blood flow
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27
Q

Peripheral Factors to determine VO2max

A

Extraction of oxygen by the muscle or body tissues from the delivered blood; Active muscle (arteriovenous oxygen difference): Amount of lean mass, #/size of mitochondria, #/activity of oxidative enzymes, Muscle fiber type

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28
Q

3 body systems involved in VO2max

A

Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Muscular

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29
Q

Respiratory System

A

Oxygenation of blood

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30
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Delivery of blood to tissues

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31
Q

Skeletal Muscle System

A

Extraction and utilization of oxygen

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32
Q

Influences on VO2max

A

Largely genetically determined; Training can improve it up to 25%, depending on initial fitness level; Males score ~ 15–30% higher than females (Males have larger lung capacity and leaner tissue)

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33
Q

Direct (Direct Fick Method)

A

Catheterization of artery and vein to determine a- vO2 difference and Q (thermal dye)

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34
Q

Indirect (Indirect Calorimetry)

A

Laboratory test, Analysis of volume of air inspired and constant analysis of expired gas, Very accurate

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35
Q

Absolute (Units of VO2)

A

L/min or ml/min; Does not take size into account

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36
Q

Relative (Units of VO2)

A

mlkg -1min or ml*kgFFM -1 *min; Amount of oxygen your body uses per kilogram of bodyweight; Can compare value across genders and body mass/size

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37
Q

How to convert from Absolute to Relative VO2max

A

Multiply LO2/min by 1000 to get mLO2/min
Divide mLO2/min by bodyweight in kg; If absolute is in mLO2/min
Divide mLO2/min by body weight in kg

38
Q

How to convert from Relative to Absolute VO2max

A

Multiply mLO2/kg/min by bodyweight in kg to get mLO2/min; If you want absolute as LO2/min: Divide mLO2/min value by 1000

39
Q

Grace, who weighs 55 kg, has an absolute VO2max of 2.5 LO2/min. What is her relative VO2max?

A

2.5 LO2/min x 1000 = 2500 mLO2/min, 2500 mLO2/min / 55kg = 45.5 mLO2/kg/min

40
Q

Lucy, who weighs 60 kg, has a relative VO2max of 47.0 mLO2/kg/min. What is her absolute VO2max in mLO2/min and LO2/min?

A

47.0 mLO2/kg/min x 60 kg = 2820 mLO2/min, 2820 mLO2/min / 1000 = 2.820 LO2/min

41
Q

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Classifications of Women 20-29 VO2max

A

40-43

42
Q

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Classifications of Men 20-29 VO2max

A

46-49

43
Q

Most accurate estimate of VO2max Is achieved from the HR response to submax exercise test if all of the following assumptions are achieved:

A

A steady state HR is obtained for each work rate, A linear relationship exists b/t HR and work rate, Difference b/t actual and predicted max HR is minimal, Mechanical efficiency is the same for everyone, Subject is not on medications, using caffeine, under large amounts of stress, ill, or in a high temperature environment, all of which HR

44
Q

Gillesh Method for determining VO2max

A

207-0.7(AGE)

45
Q

Modes of Testing VO2max

A

Non-exercise Test VO2max Prediction Equations, Field Tests for CR Fitness, Motor-Driven Treadmills, Mechanically Braked Cycle Ergometers, Step Testing

46
Q

HRmax Prediction

A

Considerable variability (±11 bpm), Numerous prediction equations exist (Most common: 220 − age), Measure HRmax whenever possible

47
Q

Non-Exercise test VO2max prediction equations

A

Not nearly as accurate as Laboratory measurements; Can be used to broadly classify people into categories such as “poor, average, good cardiorespiratory fitness”; % Fat Model, BMI Model

48
Q

Types of Non-Exercise Test VO2max Prediction Equations

A

%Fat Model or BMI Model (Increase BMI = Decreased VO2max)

49
Q

PA-R score is a self-reported physical activity on a…

A

0-7 scale; Gender: 0 for females; 1 for males

50
Q

Graded Exercise Test (GXT)

A

Done to evaluate VO2max; Gradually increase submaximal workloads; Maximal versus submaximal test; Things to consider: Client’s age and risk classification, Reason for test, Availability of equipment and qualified staff

51
Q

General GXT Testing Guidelines: Continuous Protocol

A

8-12 min duration [ACSM], 2-3 min stages, 2-3 MET increases

52
Q

General GXT Testing Guidelines: Ramp Protocol

A

~10 min duration, Small and frequent (10-20 s) increases, Electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer or programmable treadmill

53
Q

Submaximal Cycling Tests (Types of Mechanically Braked Cycle Ergometer Tests)

A

Astrand-Ryhming Cycling Test, YMCA Bike Test; Based on HR response (Accurate measurement of HR is critical)

54
Q

Submaximal Walking/ Running/ Stepping Tests

A

Treadmill Submaximal Tests, Astrand-Ryhming Step Test, YMCA 3-minute Step Test (CR fitness based on recovery HR)

55
Q

Mechanically Braked Cycle Ergometers Benefits

A

Excellent for submaximal and maximal testing, Relatively inexpensive, Easily transportable, Allow BP and ECG (HR) to be measured

56
Q

Mechanically Braked Cycle Ergometers Negatives

A

Less familiar mode of exercise to most Americans, Localized muscle fatigue, Underestimates VO2, Cycle ergometer must be calibrated, Subject must maintain proper pedal rate

57
Q

Calculating Workload on Mechanically Braked Cycle Ergometer

A

Workload (kgm/min)= Resistance x RPM x 6; Workload (watts)= kgm/min../6

58
Q

Example: Bob is cycling against a resistance of 1.5 kg and an RPM of 50. What is his workload in kg·m·min-1 and Watts

A

kgmmin-1 = 1.5 x (50 x 6) = 450 kgmmin-1; 450 kgmmin-1 / 6 = 75 Watts

59
Q

Astrand-Ryhming Cycle Ergometer Test

A

Single-stage test lasting 6 min; Pedal rate is set at 50 rpm; Suggested work rate is based on: Gender/Individual’s fitness status; Use nomogram to find VO2max (draw a line from workload to avg HR); Mist convert to relative VO2max (x 1000, divide by body mass)

60
Q

YMCA Cycle Test

A

Multistage Test; Initial workload set at 150 kg*m/min

61
Q

Step Tests Benefits

A

Inexpensive, Requires little or no equipment, Steps are easily transportable, Stepping skill requires little practice, Test is of short duration, Great for mass testing

62
Q

Step Tests Negatives

A

Special precautions may be needed for those who have balance problems or are extremely deconditioned, Most tests do not monitor HR and BP b/c of the difficulty of measuring HR and BP, Inadequate compliance to step cadence and excessive fatigue in the lead limb may diminish value of a step test

63
Q

Step Tests Types Formula

A

Work = force x distance; (Force = body weight; Distance = bench height x steps/min)

64
Q

Types of Step Tests

A

Astrand Rhyming and YMCA

65
Q

Field Tests Benefits

A

Relatively cheap and little equipment is needed, Easy to administer to large groups, Can classify CR fitness level

66
Q

Field Tests Negatives

A

Some tests can be maximal, Not as accurate as laboratory tests, Individual’s motivation and pacing ability, May be inappropriate for Sedentary individuals and Individuals at increased risk for CVD

67
Q

Types Field Tests

A

1.5 Mile runs, Cooper 12 min run test, Rockport 1-mile fitness walking

68
Q

Field Tests for Cardiorespiratory Endurance

A

1-Mile Run Time Test, 1.5 Mile Run Time Test

69
Q

Measuring Pulse

A

Use index and middle fingers; Use radial pulse or light pressure on carotid, Use 6 -15 second count post exercise; Start stopwatch on 1st pulse, 1st beat is 0

70
Q

Assessing CR Fitness of Children Lab Tests

A

Modified treadmill and cycle ergometer protocols

71
Q

Assessing CR Fitness of Children Field Tests

A

1 mile run/walk, Multistage 20 m shuttle run, Andersen test

72
Q

Assessing CR Fitness of Older Adults

A

Modified lab tests, Field tests (6 min walk test, 2 min step test)

73
Q

Multistage Fitness Test

A

AKA the beep test, Variations: Yo Yo Intermittent Test and Yo Yo Recovery Test

74
Q

Multistage Fitness Test Protocol

A

Two cones or field markers set 20 meters (21 yards, 32 inches) apart, Beep Test app or MP3 recording, Continue professing until Failure

75
Q

Circuit Training does not have an effect on…

A

Aerobic System (Not large muscle, Isolated, Not capable of being performed for a long time)

76
Q

Q (Cardiac Output)=

A

HR - SU ( HR bpm - Amount of blood injected form left ventricle)

77
Q

Cardiac Output Increases when… (Ways to improve offloading oxygen)

A

Increases in Capillary density, Mitochondrial density, Oxidative Enzymes, and Type II > I muscle fibers occur

78
Q

Increase in capillary density (Ways to improve offloading oxygen)

A

Gets oxygen to tissues that need it more efficiently

79
Q

Increase in Mitochondrial Density (Ways to improve offloading oxygen)

A

Chronic aerobic activity causes mitochondria around muscle fibers

80
Q

Increase Oxidative Enzymes (Ways to improve offloading oxygen)

A

ATPase, ability to break down components and utilize them for ATP production

81
Q

Increase Type II to act like Type I fibers (Ways to improve offloading oxygen)

A

Type I are really good at utilizing oxygen for fuel; Away from anaerobic enzymes and become better

82
Q

Increase in Stroke volume occurs as a result of…

A

Adaptation to physical activity; Increases because you can pool more blood in the ventricle) Frank Sterling Mechanism

83
Q

Hypertrophy of Heart

A

When used more it becomes more efficient; Left Ventricle becomes stronger and ejects more blood with each beat

84
Q

Resting Heart Rate (RHR) decreases when…

A

Exercise at same intensity and adapt (Stoke Volume goes up as a result)

85
Q

VO2max decreases as we…

A

AGE; Steady until 30-40; Depending on PA decreases at late 30’s-early 40’s then rapidly in late 50’s

86
Q

The biggest driver in decrease in VO2max as we age…

A

Loss of lean tissue

87
Q

Types of Motor-Driven Treadmill Tests

A

Bruce/Modified Bruce, Blake and Ware, Naughton

88
Q

Bruce/Modified Bruce (Motor-Driven Treadmill Tests)

A

Multistage, Accommodating Resistance, Initial Point is 1.7mph at 10% grade

89
Q

Naughton

A

For CVD or increase risk of CVD

90
Q

Motor-Driven Treadmill Test Benefits

A

Used for a wide range of fitness levels

91
Q

Motor-Driven Treadmill Test Negatives

A

Make taking physiological measurements hard, Overestimation of VO2max

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