Assessing and Remediating Text Comprehension Problems Flashcards
What is reading?
the complex process that involves perception, phonemic and phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, semantic knowledge, and comprehension
Reading involves (6)
- perception
- phonemic awareness
- phonological awareness
- orthographic knowledge
- semantic knowledge
- comprehension
What is literacy?
the ability to decode and encode
What is decoding?
saying words printed on paper
What is encoding?
saying what words mean
What is multimodal literacy?
comprehension and production of a wide variety of communication modalities
What are examples of communication modalities?
print, images, video, and digital contexts
What are the 5 essential skills for reading proficiency?
- phonemic awareness
- phonics
- fluency
- vocabulary
- comprehension
Do oral and written language have a reciprocal relationship?
Yes
Reading and writing are initially _____ on oral language and extending oral language abilities.
dependent
Younger children use ______ ______ to learn to read and older children use _____ to further learning.
oral language; reading
What is conversational language?
language used to meet needs, accomplish daily tasks, and to share personal info
What is academic language?
language used to analyze, evaluate, synthesize, persuade, and explain
Does conversational language have more vocabulary than academic language?
No
True or False: Academic language uses more technical terms, abstract concepts, and events that are related.
true
What syntactic patterns are used in academic language?
it is more complex
- passive voice
- dependent clauses
- adevernial clauses
- adjectival clauses
- noun clauses
What is an example of an adverbial clause?
clauses beginning in “when, while, so, because, if-then, unless”
What is an example of an adjectival clause?
The colonists, [who felt they did not have representation] dumped tea into the Boston Harbor.
What is an example of a noun clause?
[Where the rebels were going] was unknown
What is content schema?
A mental model for facts that are presented in the text
What is an example of content schema?
the social structure of bees
What is text schema?
superordinate organization for the presentation of content information
(organization of descriptions, stories, and explanations)
What is event schemata?
common routines (ex. going to a party)
Production of discourse or texts require the ability to make _____.
inferences
Comprehension requires the understanding of ____ and _____ between people, objects, and events.
cause/ effect
Do poor comprehenders have difficulty making inferences?
Yes
T/F inferences are not needed to comprehend text.
False
What is anaphoric referencing?
pronoun or noun phrase that refers to previous text entity
What are bridging/ relational inferences?
deducing sequence and relationship of info across sentences
What are explanation- based inferences?
inferring the antecedent or consequences of actions
What are predictive inferences?
forecasts future events
What are goal inferences?
infers the intentions of characters
What are elaborative inferences?
considers associations that cannot be explained causally
What is landscape of action?
temporally patterned sequences of actions that are reported in the 3rd person with minimal information about character’s psychological state
What are examples of landscape of action?
folk tales and stories told by young children
What is landscape of consciousness?
story that is told from perspectives of characters
What is Theory of Mind?
being able to infer the full range of mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions ,imagination, emotions) that cause action.
What are the differences in narrative and expository texts?
purpose, schemata, and text structues
What is the purpose of narratives?
entertain
What is the purpose of expository texts?
to inform
What is the schemata for narratives>?
familiar
What is the schemata for expository text?
unfamiliar
What type of processing is used in narratives?
top-down
What type of processing is used in expository texts?
bottom- up
What is the text structure used in narratives?
basic
What is the text structure of expository texts?
variable by genre
Macrostructure facilitates the ability to recognize ____ of passages.
themes
What does macrostructure facilitate?
- readers to tell, retell, or comprehend stories
- predict what comes next
- recognize themes
Children with reading disabilities tell ____, _____, _____ stories, and remember ____ detail.
shorter, less complete, less organized, and remember less detail
Which grades focus on narratives?
early grades
Which grades focus on expository texts?
later grades
What are T- units?
main clauses and subordinate clauses
What units are used in SALT software?
C-units
What is a C-unit?
an independent clause with its modifiers
What is a clause?
differs whether it is a main clause or a subordinate clause
What are comprehension based measures?
ask questions about setting, characters, and events
What are productive based measures?
have a child generate a story
Describe the narrative development of preschool.
label simple descriptions of objects, characters, actions
What is used to measure and assess macrostructure?
comprehension based measures and productive measures
Describe the narrative development of early elementary.
goals, intentions, emotions, theory of mind, script for common characters (e.g., big bad wolf)
Describe the narrative development of later elementary.
more complex story, overcoming obstacles, awareness of time, multiple meaning words
Describe the narrative development of adolescent/ adult.
Connect 1st idea to 2nd idea, multiple meanings, themes
How do we assess content schemata?
Test narrative development
have the child tell story for wordless books
Children with language delays/ LLD will have ____ and ____ stories when assessing content schemata.
shorter and simpler
What do we assess in content schemata?
Characters Actions Sequence Cause-effect Plans and reactions of characters
What are examples of explicit questions?
Who are the characters?
Where did this story happen?
What is an important part of the story?
What happened?
What are examples of implicit questions?
How does the person feel?
Why did the person do this?
What do you think the person would say?
What should happen next?
What does the Test of Narrative Language assess?
Assesses difficulty in narrative comprehension
Remember information from story with drawings
Assesses narrative production
Child produces a story given a picture, sequence, or no picture
Describe the Qualitative Reading Inventory.
Provides narratives and expository passages that children listen to and answer both explicit and implicit questions
In the retelling, note macrostructure (e.g., setting, goal, events, resolutions, main ideas)
